
J UNITED. STATES OF AMERICA. \ 



1 



i 
I 



i 

j 



! 

1 



PINACEJ]: 



BEING A 



HANDBOOK OF THE FIRS AND PINES. 



BY 




\ " / , A tJreation's God shall creature strain declare ? 




^ The Great First Cause of water, eeirth and air ! 
Hence living fungi, lichens, musci, trees, 
And germs and foes akin existences ! 



Shine on, sweet Nature, infinite thy store ! 
Yet, fond I follow with my finite lore : 
And here this pen thy lab'rinth path defines 
As it hath trac'd it 'mid the Firs and Pines. 



LONDON: 

PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOU 

BY 

HATCHAED AND CO., 187, PICCADILLY. 

Booksellers to H.R.H. the Princess of Wales. 
1866. 

'v 

Entered at Stationers' Hall.] [Coptright secceed. 



NOTICE. 



This work was originally intended for private circulation only ; but 
to meet the wishes of those parties whose names have been 
sent to the Author since the 25th December, 1865 — on which 
day the Subscription List" was closed — five hundred additional 
copies have been printed for sale by the Author's publishers, 
Messrs. Hatchard & Co., and may be had through any book- 
seller from them, or direct from the Author, and free by post, 
for TEN SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE per copy, on receipt of a post 
OFFICE ORDER payable to 

Johannes Senilis, 

Lymington, Hants. 



PREFACE. 



Being a farmer's only son, I was, when a boy, tolerably well grounded 
in reading, writing, and arithmetic, in a country school; and just when 
entering my teens my parents ofttimes conferred together, and event- 
ually decreed that I should be sent to modern Athens to obtain 
learning and equipment for the pulpit. The spade, however, was more 
consonant to my young ideas than the pen ; and the country had in 
my estimation more charms than the town ; and the mute sermons of 
trees, and the mellifluous songs of birds, had more endearments for the 
rustic boy, who, being from infancy an ardent lover of Dame Mature, 
elected arboriculture as a profession. Such being the case, I am, as a 
matter of course, a working, and, to a certain extent, a self-educated 
man ; having no claims to the title of a proficient, either in literature 
or botanical science ; nor is my present appearance as a public 
instructor chiefly of my own choice, nor my object a mercenary one : 
the preparation of the following pages for the press has been to me 
a labour of love, inasmuch as Pinace^ have always been my 
especial favourites, and in my estimation the most noble, valuable, and 
lovable of ISTature's arboral productions. My present appearance, there- 
fore, must needs be considered as a practical writer upon this branch of 
the arboricultural art practically considered, although I have dared to 
criticise, nay, to condemn, the dicta of many learned men, and many of 
my literary and botanical peers ; for which grave oftence, no doubt, I 
shall incur their great displeasure, and, as a matter of course, get most 
severely lectured and ''criticised for my presumption. As, however, I 
write for practical readers, I care but little for what theoretical botanists, 
or literary pedants, may maintain against me. 



VI 



PREFACE. 



1^0 nation, and no j)eople, whether in the ancient, mediaeval, or modern 
ages of the world's history, have ever attained to such a high degree 
of proficiency, nay, perfection, in the arts of agriculture and horticul- 
ture, than is now prevalent in Great Britain ; and it seems somewhat 
anomalous that arboriculture, in this progressive, expansive, diffusive, 
and utilitarian age, should still keep lagging behind the two kindred 
arts in the march of improvement ; for it cannot be denied that much 
has yet to be done for arboriculture before we can raise forestry to 
the high rank as a cultural art which its national importance and 
intrinsic merits as a branch of rural economy imperatively demands. 

Arboriculture has many wants. One of these is a Handbook of the 
Firs and Pines, giving their distinctive characteristics, and the best 
modes of growing them ; with brief practical notes on their hardiness, 
and on the soils and situations most suitable for them ; showing such 
kinds as are of economic value for their timber, and such as are useful 
for ornamental planting in the climate of Great Britain and Ireland : 
also, a natural and common-sense classification and nomenclature of 
them, with an alphabetical Kst or index of the names of all the genera, 
species, quasi-species, varieties, and sub- varieties, and all the synonyms 
or aliases by which they are at present known; comprising a brief 
and practical summary of all that is desirable or necessary for the British 
Arboriculturist to know concerning the Firs and Pines of the world 
to the present date; and all this in a portable form, and at a 
reasonable price. 

This, it is universally admitted, is a desideratum which has not yet 
been supplied ; though many very laudable endeavours have been made 
to accomplish the task ; all of which, however, have failed in the per- 
formance, from the simple fact that it is one of those complex subjects 
which requires not only a theoretical, but likewise a practical know- 
ledge, thoroughly and correctly to treat of it ; and the three-score and 
ten, or, perchance, four-score years, allotted to us on earth, is much too 
short a period to learn all that pertains to the cultivation and conver- 
sion of the Pirs and Pines. Hence the laudable attempts of most 
modern writers to remove obscurity have, in good sooth, only added to 
its shade. ISTor is this much to be wondered at ; for when we come to 
consider the very numerous and very variable genera and species of 
PiNACE^, and the many quasi-species, varieties, and sub-varieties, 



PREFACE. 



vii 



and the innumerable synomyms or aliases in which the Firs and Pines 
are at present confounded, no other term is so appropriate or truthful 
as chaos, which to attempt to reduce to perfect order were a somewhat 
Herculean task, and a very bold enterprize ; and the author who 
should perfectly perform it would deserve well of his country, and be 
legitimately entitled to a niche in the temple of Fame. 

Excelsior, however, not Perfectio, is my present motto ; and you, 
my readers, are and shall be my judges ; and in opening the case for 
my present client, I must needs declare to you, for I have as yet only 
indicated "the reason why" this volume is now placed before you at 
the bar of public opinion, which is simply this : — The Scottish Arbori- 
cultural Society has for some years past offered a prize for the best 
Essay upon " The Introduction and Cultivation of the newer Coniferae, 
with special reference to the climate of Great Eritain and Ireland 
and having often been requested by many of my arboricultural 
patrons, friends, and professional brethren, to enter the lists as a 
competitor, I was at last induced to do so ; and, during the autumn of 
1864, sent in the subject matter of the following pages, under the 
motto, Wave your tops, ye Pines to which the Judges on Essays 
awarded the first prize. The Essay was, however, accompanied by a 
code of conditions on my part, subject to which I entered as a com- 
petitor ; the chief of which was my retaining the Copyriglit. To this 
the Publishing Committee objected, and I was by them requested to 
withdraw the stipulation. This, however, I declined to do, and the 
consequence was, I won the honour, and forfeited the gold ; and by so 
doing I neither propitiated nor satisfied my patrons, friends, or pro- 
fessional brethren; for renewed requests became common as black- 
berries for the publication of my new-fangled ideas upon the Firs 
and Pines. Again, for a time, I resisted the temptation to rush into 
print ; but as pressure increased, I became more disposed to do so, 
although I had an intention, which in due course will be carried 
out, that much of this book should, D.V., re-appear in my more care- 
fully compiled and elaborate works, " The Ligneous Trees and Shrubs 
of the World," and "The British Arboriculturist;" upon which 
works, in my leisure hours, I am now engaged. It has, however, 
occurred to many, and is suggested to me, that this volume, published 
in its present form, and fully treating of this particular and important 



VUl 



PREFACE. 



brancL. of the arboricnltural art, will supply a present and pressing 
want at a nominal price, hence its ^present publication. 

After a fair and impartial hearing, I shall, I doubt not, receive a 
fair and impartial sentence from you, my readers and judges, upon the 
merits and demerits, the accomplishment or failure, of my present 
endeavour to supply a Handbook of the Firs and Pines, in this 
my transformed Prize Essay and Maiden Yolume. 

As this book is designed and published to supply a concise summary 
of, at least, so much knowledge as every British Aboriculturist ought to 
have concerning the Firs and Pines, the author has been careful to 
explain the meaning of any technical term he may employ. Simplicity 
of language, therefore, and brief but comprehensive descriptions, as 
well as concise notes respecting the habits, uses, and products of this 
tribe of trees and shrubs, have been necessary. In almost every case 
where the term or word "see" is used in the "Alphabetical List," it 
refers the name of the alias or synonym to the species to which it 
belongs ; and the synonyms are only given in the Appendix, so as to 
save space, expense, and unnecessary repetitions; for had all the 
synonyms and the authorities for them been inserted in the body of 
the work, it would have overgrown its present dimensions, and far 
exceeded its present price. It will be observed that "botanical arrange- 
ment " has in every case been employed as the servitor of " alphabetical 
order," each in their turn and place being engaged in the service of 
Arboriculture as a practical art. 

Senilis. 

Einejield, Lymington, Hants, 
January, 1866. 



Entered at Stationers' Hall, and the Coptright secured from infringement. 



CONTENTS. 



PAOK 



Preface ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... v 

Introduction ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 

CHAPTEE, I. 

Cultivation ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 

Climate — Altitude, Atmosphere ... ... ... ... ... 9 

Constitution of Piuacese ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 

Enemies — Animal ... ... ... ... ... ... 11 

Enemies — Vegetable ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 

Natural Habitats of ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 

Natural Soils for ... ... ... ... ... ... ,8 

Nurseries for ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 

Nurseries, Preparation of ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 

Pruningi... ... ... ... ... ... ... _ ... 16 

Raising and Propagation ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 

Seasons for Transplanting ... ... ... ... ... 10 

Situations and Aspects for ... ... ... ... ... 8 

Soils and Manures for ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 

Transplanting, &c. ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 

CHAPTEE II. 

Classification ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 19 

Ancient Systems of ... ... ... ... ... ... 19 

Arrangement of Pinaceae ... ... ... ... ... ... 27 

Construction of Pinaceas ... ... ... ... ... ... 24 

Fossilized Remains of ... ... ... ... ... ... 23 

Juices — their Cognate Affinity ... ... ... ... ... 25 

Origin of Species .. . ... ... ... ... ... ... 21 

Terms used, Explanation of ... ... ... ... ... 26 

Variety— Difficulty of Classifying ... ... ... ... ... 24 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTEE m. 

PAGE 

DIYISION ONE :— Conifers ... ... ... ... ... ... 28 

S D. : — Derivations and Roots for Names of, and Distinctive Character- 
istics of Flowers, Foliage, Copies, Seeds, Branches, and Baric 
Sections and Sub-Sections : — Distinguishing Characteristics of 
Species : — Distinctive Characteristics ; Scientific and Popular Names ; 
Hardiness, Dimensions, Timber, Ornament; and Quasi- S]pecies, 
Varieties, and Suh-Varieties of : and the Soils and Situations most 
suitable for them in this Country ; with their present Native Habitats, 
and their peculiar Eequirements and Usefulness in the Climate and 
Soils of Great Britain and Ireland ... ... ... 28 to 139 

DIVISION TWO :— Baccifer^ ... ... ... ... ... 139 

S.D. : — Derivations and Eoots for Names of, and Distinctive Character- 
istics of Flowers, Foliage, Berries, and Fruit, Seeds, Branches, and 
Baric ... 

Sections and Sub-Sections : — Distinguishing Characteristics of 
Species : — Distinctive Characteristics of ; Scientific and Popular Names ; 
Hardiness, Dimensions, Timber, Ornament ; and Quasi- Species, 
Va/rieties, and Suh-Varieties : and the Soils and Situations most 
suitable for them in this Country ; with their present Native Habitats, 
and their peculiar Eequirements and Usefulness in the Climate and 
Soils of Great Britain and Ireland ... ... ... 139 to 174 

INDEX: —Of the Popular English Names ... ... ... xitoxix 

ALPHABETICAL LIST :— Of the Technical Names of all the 
Genera, Species, Quasi- Species, Varieties and Suh-Varieties^, and all 
the Synonyms or Alias of the Firs and Pines ... ... ... 177 



INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES. 







PAGE 








PAGE 


ALLIED PINES 


161 


AEBOE-YITiE 


63 


jj 


Bristle-like-branched 


161 


JJ 


Eastern, (Biota ;) 


63 


5> 


„ Lofty . . . . 


162 


JJ 


55 


glaucous-leaved 


64 


5J 


Many- spiked 


162 




33 


golden 


64 


>> 


„ Single-spiked 


162 




55 


pendulous-branched 


64 


. »> 


,, Twin- spiked 


162 


5> 


53 


rustic-branched 


64 


5> 


Feather-like-leaved 


163 


3) 


55 


variegated 


64 


>J 


Salisbury's 


163 


JJ 


33 


var. pendulous-branched 


64 


5> 


cut-leaved . 


164 


3) 


33 


very-green-sprayed . 


64 


>> 


„ ,, golden-variegated 


164 




55 


weeping 


64 


JJ 


large-leaved 


164 


! " 


Vert Fragrant, (Libocedrus;) 64 


>J 


,, silvery -variegated 


164 


- 


5J 


Chilian 


65 


J> 


„ small-leaved 


164 




JJ 


variegated 


65 


9) 


Leaf-like-branched 


162 


»j 


JJ 


,, very- green- sprayed 


65 


SJ 


Maidenhair-like 


163 


JJ 


55 


Don's New Zealand . 


65 


>> 


„ „ dwarf 


163 


JJ 


55 


Hatchet-leaved 


65 


}> 


„ Ehomboidal-formed 


162 


J J 


33 


,, dwarf 


65 


»» 


„ glaucous . 


162 


33 


55 


„ glaucous-leaved . 


65 


JJ 


Under-leaved 


162 


3J 


55 


J, golden- variegated 


65 


AEAUCARIA .... 


92 


JJ 


J5 


pleasing- green 


65 


JJ 


A-ustralian .... 


92 


JJ 


J5 


„ silvery- variegated 


65 


JJ 


Bid well's 


92 


JJ 


35 


slender-branched 


65 


JJ 


Brazilian . . . 


93 


33 


55 


,, sub-green 


65 


JJ 


Chilian .... 


94 


35 


55 


very-green 


65 


JJ 


Cook's .... 


93 


J» 


55 


Tetragonal 


66 


JJ 


Cunningham's 


93 


JJ 


Western, (Thuja;) 


66 


JJ 


glaucous-leaved 


93 


?> 


35 


Antarctic 


67 


JJ 


„ long-leaved 


93 


JJ 


35 


gigantic 


67 


JJ 


Fine-leaved Chilian 


95 


JJ 


53 


Menzies' 


67 


>j 


Imbricated-leaved 


94 


JJ 


>5 


Occidental (American ;) 


68 


J) 


Lofty 


93 


JJ 


J5 


„ dense-branched . 


68 


JJ 


Norfolk Island 


93 


JJ 


55 


,, dwarf 


68 


JJ 


Eule's .... 


95 


»J 


JJ 


„ golden- variegated 


68 




variegated Chilian 


95 


JJ 


JJ 


,, monstrous-branched 


68 


AKBOE-VITxE .... 


63 


JJ 


55 


,, pendulous-branched 


68 


JJ 


Eastern, (Biota ;) 


63 


33 


55 


,. silvery- variegated 


68 


JJ 


„ compact- growing 


64 


3) 


5 5 


,, variegated-weeping 


68 


JJ 


drooping-branched . 


64 


JJ 


53 


,, very-green . 


68 


>j 


dwarf 


64 


»J 


55 


plaited 


68 



Xll 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

AEBOE-VIT^ .... 68 



J5 


Western, (Thuja;) 


Do 


5» 


, plaited pigmy 


Do 


>) 


„ variegated 


DO 


51 


„ Siberian 


DO 


5J 


„ „ pendulous-branclied 


Do 


5) 


„ slender-branched 


uo 


5J 


,, variegated . 


Do 


Beatttiful-leaved Pine 


1 KA 


CEDAR 


^1 

O L 


5J 


Atlantic .... 


^2 


53 


iiTjias .... 




55 


Bermuda «... 




JJ 


JL/CUU.Cli . • • . 


DO 


35 


lasiiigiaije-ijrancuyu. • 


OD 


35 


,j giaiiLOuis-iea V tju. • 


56 


33 


J, golden-variegated • 


Kfi 
oo 


35 


"Ki T» 1 1 TVi ri £k Ti T _ T» Q Tl n O H 
J J piUCUIllUtJllu-UlcllllyllcU. 


oo 


3) 


5, rODUSU-gTO WlUg . 




33 


, , silvery-variegated 


00 


J? 


J, Sientiei - uraiiLutJu. • 


OD 


35 


tnicK-ieav cu. • • 


OO 


55 




56 


35 


Devadara . . . . 


oo 


3J 


Indian .... 


oo 


33 


Japan . . . . 


Oi7 


55 


Mount Atlas 




55 


Mount Lebanon 


OD 


55 


of Goa .... 


/O 


55 


,, variegated 


1 0 


55 


of Lebanon . . 


OD 


55 


dwarf 


57 

O 1 


J3 


glaucous-leaved 


o/ 


3) 


pendulous-brancbed 


57 


35 


variegated 


57 


55 


Eed 


153 


55 


Sacred .... 


53 


33 


Silver .... 


52 


33 


Virginian 


153 


35 


Wbite .... 


69 


ChHi Pine .... 


94 



Cltjster-floweiied Wax Pine 97 

Cluster-flowered Tews . 166 

„ Fortune's . . 166 

„ 5, female . . 167 

„ „ „ male . . 167 

„ 5, great- spreading . 167 

„ long-footstalked . 167 

„ Marquis of Harrington's 167 

„ plum-fruited . 166 



, PAGE 

Cluster-flowered Yews , 166 
5, „ plum-fruited glaucous- 
leaved . . . 166 



Cowrie Pine .... 96 
CYPEESS TRIBE ... 57 
5, Feathery- SPRAYED 







Cypresses . 


bl 


35 


55 


Deciduous 


ct 
01 


35 


55 


J, Chinese 




55 


55 


dwarf 


D^ 


55 


55 


„ fastigiate-brancbed 


O^ 


55 


55 


„ Mexican 




>» 


33 


naked-branched 




33 


35 


pendulous'branched 


62 


55 


33 


small-leaved 


Ou 


55 


35 


„ variegated 


Ou 


55 


55 


various-leaved 


62 


55 


Ground Cypresses 


69 


35 


55 


spheroidal-formed 


69 


33 


33 


dwarf 


69 


35 


35 


J, fastigiate-branched 


69 


53 


55 


„ glaucous-leaved 


69 


3« 


53 


„ golden-variegated 


69 


55 


35 


„ pendulous-branched 


69 


55 


55 


silvery -variegated 


69 


53 


55 


J, slender-branched 


69 


33 


55 


„ very-green-sprayed 


69 


35 


55 


very-fragrant Mexican 


69 


55 


Japan Cedar-like Cypresses 59 


»> 


55 


araucaria-like 


60 


53 


35 


dwarf 


60 


33 


55 


elegant 


60 


33 


55 


variegated 


60 


55 


33 


very-green- sprayed 


60 


53 


JoINTED-BRANCH ED 








Cypresses 


58 


55 


55 


cypress-like 


59 


55 


55 


5, imbricated 


59 


53 


55 


loose-leaved 


59 


33 


53 


selago-like 


59 


53 


35 


tetragonal 


59 


J3 


Eayed-coned Cypresses 


58 


53 


55 


Eight-valved 


58 


35 


55 


Four-valved 


58 


55 


53 


Six-valved 


58 


33 


Eesinous-seeded Cypresses 


76 


5» 


35 


heath-like 


76 


35 


35 


obtuse-leaved 


76 


35 


55 


5, clubmoss-like 


77 


33 


35 


„ dwarf 


77 



INDEX. 



xiii 



CTPEESS TBIBE ... 57 

„ Eesinotjs- SEEDED Ctpeesses 76 



JJ 


11 


obtuse-leaved golden-vard. 


77 


>J 


11 


RilvPT^-vaTneoratpd 


76 


J> 


11 


pea-fruited 


77 


11 


11 


dwarf 


77 


11 


11 


golden-variegated 


77 


11 


11 


,, silvery- variegated 


77 


11 


11 


Squarrose 


77 


11 


11 


„ golden-variegated 


77 


11 


11 


silvery- variegated 


77 


11 


11 


„ small-branched 


77 


11 


Star-coned Cypresses 


60 


11 


11 


Patagonian 


60 


11 


The True or Prototype 








Cypresses • 


68 


11 


jj 


Bentham's Mexican 


75 


11 


11 


Bhootan . • • 


75 


11 


11 


Californ. slender-branched 


70 


11 


11 


,, dwarf 


71 


11 


11 


fastigiate-branched 


71 


11 


11 


pendulous-branched 


71 


11 


11 


, , variegated • 


71 


ii 


»> 


Chinese • . . 


71 


11 


11 


Common • 


74 


»> 


11 


dwarf 


75 


11 


j» 


golden-variegated 


75 


» 


11 


„ horizontal-branched 


74 


J) 




„ Indian form 


75 


j» 


j» 


rustic-branched 


74 


11 


j> 


„ silvery-variegated 


75 


J> 


11 


,, upright-branched 


74 


>J 


11 


Corney's 


71 


11 


11 


Deciduous 


61 


11 


11 


Evergreen , 


74 


11 


11 


Funeral 


71 


11 


11 


Guatemala . 


71 


11 


11 


Incense 


75 


1 1 


11 


Indian 


74 


11 


11 


Italian 


74 


11 


11 


Knight' 8 


72 


11 


11 


Lambert's 


74 


11 


11 


Large-coned . , 


73 


11 


11 


fastigiate-branched 


74 


11 


11 


,, variegated 


74 


11 


11 


Lawson's 


72 


11 


11 


„ compact-growing 


73 


11 


11 


J, dwarf 


73 


11 


11 


„ fastigiate-branched 


73 


11 


11 


„ glaucous-leaved 


73 



PAGE 

CTPEESS TEIBE ... 57 
The True or'.Prototype . 

Cypresses . . 68 
„ Lawson's golden-variegtd. 73 



„ 5, silvery-variegated 73 

„ slender-branched 73 

„ „ variegated . 73 

„ very-green-leaved 73 

11 I^ofty ... 71 

„ Nootka Sound . , 74 

„ „ „ fragrant . . 74 

„ „ of Goa ... 73 

„ „ glaucous-leaved 73 

„ „ variegated . 73 

„ „ „ very-green . 73 

„ Uhde's ... 75 

„ Upright ... 74 

Dammara Pine ... 95 

FIE TEIBE .... 29 

Alcock's spruce . . 35 

American Black spruce . 50 

„ „ Eed spruce . . 51 

5, White spruce . 47 

„ Apollo silver ... 37 

„ Balm of Gilead silver . 37 

„ dwarf ... 37 

„ long-leaved . . 37 

short-leaved . . 37 

„ variegated . . 37 
„ Balsam silver . . .37 

Black spruce . . 50 

,, variegated ... 50 

5, Bracted silver . . 37 

,, Brunon's Indian hemlock . 31 

,, Calif ornian hemlock spruce 31 

„ Canadian hemlock spruce 30 

Cephalonian silver . . 37 

„ Chinese hemlock spruce . 32 

„ silver ... 38 

„ spruce ... 50 

Cilicican silver ... 37 

Common hemlock spruce . 30 

„ „ silver .... 41 

„ spruce ... 47 

„ Crimean silver ... 40 

Douglas's Columbian . 32 

„ fastigiate-branched . 35 

„ „ Greige's variety . 35 

pendulous-branched var. 35 

„ Standish's var. . . 35 



xiv 



INDEX. 



PAGE 



FIE TEIEE .... 29 

Douglas's variegated var. . 35 

5, Yew-leaved form . 35 

Drummond's ... 35 

Englemann's ... 48 

Firm-leaved silver . . 38 

„ Fortune's silver ... 38 

Frazer's silver . . 37 

„ Giant .... 77 

„ „ Wellington's . 79 

5, „ 5 5 compact-branched 84 

„ 5, 5 5 golden- variegated 84 

5 5 „ silvery- variegated 84 

5, 5 5 »j very-green- sprayed 84 

5 5 ,5 Yew-leaved . . 78 

55 ,5 55 compact -branched .79 
„ 5, ,5 Lawson'sthk. -leaved 79 

5 5 ,5 „ very-green . 79 

,5 Great silver . . , 38 

5 5 5 5 5 5 robust form . 38 

5, Great Calif ornian spruce. . 51 

,5 Hemlock spruce . , 30 

„ 5, Calif ornian . . 31 

55 ,5 dwarf ... 32 

5 5 5, silvery- variegated , 32 

, 5 5 5 slender-branched . 32 

5 5 ., small-leaved . . 32 

,5 ,5 variegated . . 32 

, 5 5 5 Yew-leaved . . 32 

,5 Himalayan spruce . 49 

,5 Hooker's hemlock spruce . 31 

,5 Hudson Bay silver . , 37 

5 5 Indian silver ... 43 

5 5 Jezo spruce ... 48 

5 5 Khutrow .... 49 

,5 Lord Clanbrasill's . . 48 

5 5 5 5 erect .... 48 

,5 5 5 variegated . . 48 

,5 Lovely silver ... 36 

,5 Menzies' spruce . . 48 

55 5 , dwarf ... 49 

5 5 ,5 rough-scaled . 49 

5, 5 5 fastigiate-branched . 49 

,5 ,5 variegated . . 49 

5 5 Morinda spruce . . 49 

,5 Noble silver ... 39 

, 5 5 5 ,5 magnificent form 40 

,5 5 5 5 5 robust form . 40 

„ Nordmann's silver . . 40 

„ Norway spruce . . 47 



PAGE 



FIE TEIBE .... 


2Q 


5 5 


Oriental spruce 


50 


55 


PattoTi'^ CnlTfofninn sititik^p 


51 


55 


Findrow silver 




5) 


Pinsapo silver 






5 5 variegated 


45 


55 


Pitch silver . 


42 


>} 


5 5 variegated 


42 


55 


Prince A^lbert's hemlock spmcG 


31 


55 


Queen Amalea's silver « 


45 


55 


Eed American spruce 


51 


5 5 


5 5 5, bluish var. • 


51 


5 5 


,, variesrated 


51 


5 ) 


Sacred silver 


45 


5 5 


Sikkim spruce 


49 


5 5 


Silver .... 


41 


)5 


55 dwarf 


42 




5 5 fastigiate-branched 


42 




5 5 golden-variegated 


42 




,5 pyramidal-branched 


42 




5 5 silvery-variegated 


42 


55 


,5 small-coned . , 


42 


55 


J 5 tortuous-branched 


42 




5 5 two- cleft-leaved 


42 




5 5 weeping 


42 


5 5 


Small-seeded spruce 


35 


55 


Smith's Indian spruce 


49 




Spruce .... 


47 


55 


5 5 black -leaved 


48 


55 


,5 dwarf . . . 


48 


55 


5 5 egg-shaped-coned 


48 

XL} 


55 


5 5 elegant . . , 


48 


5* 


55 erect 


48 


55 


,5 Finedon Hall 


48 


55 


5 5 hedgehog-like 


48 


55 


5 5 inverted-branched . 


48 




5 5 monstrous-branched 


48 




„ naked-branched 


48 


5 5 


neate Japan form 


48 




,5 pyramidal -branched 


48 




,5 recurved-branched 


48 


55 


Sansf's var. 


48 




5, slender-branched 


48 


55 


5 5 variegated 


48 


55 


5 5 weeping 


48 


55 


Variegated Giant . 


84 


55 


„ silver 


42 


55 


5 5 spruce 


48 


55 


Yeitche's silver 


46 


55 


Webb's Indian silver 


46 



INDEX. 



XV 



FIE TRIBE 

„ Weeping Indian spruce 



silver 



,, spruce 
White American spruce 
bluish-leaved 

,, erect form 
dwarf 

glaucous-leaved 
hedgehog-like 
variegated 
Wellington's Giant 
,5 Yew-leaved Giant . , 
hemlock spruce 
Frxjit-footstalked Yews 
GUM EXUDING PINE 
Colenso's 
Cypress-like 
Franklin's 
5, Lax -leaved 
Lofty 
JUNIPER 



PAGE 

29 
49 
42 
48 
47 
47 
47 
47 
47 
47 
47 
79 
78 
32 

140 
140 
140 
140 
140 
140 
140 



J3 


American creeping 


149 


>J 


Barbadoes 


153 


J5 


Bermuda 


153 


5J 


Canadian .... 


144 


S» 


Carolina .... 


153 


>J 


Caucasian .... 


146 


93 


Cedar-like ... 


144 


>5 


Chinese . . * . 


142 


>> 


93 


female form 


142 


>» 


99 


glaucous-leaved 


142 


>> 


93 


male form 


142 


}5 


99 


Smith' s var. 


142 


J> 


Common . . . 


144 


>J 


99 


Caucasian 


146 


>> 


99 


,3 pendulous-branched 146 


J> 


99 


cedar-like 


' 144 


3) 


99 


creeping American . 


149 


33 


99 


cypress-like 


142 


}» 


99 


dense Indian 


148 


>> 


39 


dwarf 


145 


33 


99 


Grecian 


149 


53 


19 


„ female form 


149 


>3 


»• 


5, glaucous-leaved 


149 


>3 


99 


male form 


149 


S> 


99 


,, variegated 


149 


9> 


99 


hedgehog -like 


145 


5> 


99 


Irish 


145 


9» 


99 


„ compact-branched 


145 



PAGE 

JUNIPER ' ... 140 

Common Irish variegated 145 

„ lofty Grecian . . 149 

„ plum-fruited . . 145 

„ Swedish . . . 145 

„ variegated . . 145 

Cypress-like . . . 142 

Fragrant Spanish . . 152 
Globular .... 143 

Grecian . . . 149 

Indian bushy . . . 148 

Indian recurved-branched 150 

Indian sacred . . . 150 

Irish .... 145 

Large-berried . . . 146 

Lycean .... 143 
Mexican .... 149 

Nepal recurved-branched . 150 

Nepal scaly . . . 152 

Phoenician . . . 143 

„ female-form . . 143 

Plum-fruited . . 145 

Prickly cedar-like . - 144 

5 5 short-leaved . . 146 

Recurved-branched . .150 

,5 dwarf . . . 150 

5, female form . .150 

„ male form . . 150 

Sacred Indian . . . 150 

Savin .... 151 

5, dwarf . . . 151 

„ creeping . . 151 

„ tamarisk-like . .151 

,5 variegated . . 151 

Savin-like . . . 147 

Scaly .... 152 

Shining-berried . . .145 

Spanish .... 145 

Stiff-leaved . . .146 

,5 yew-leaved var. . 147 
Swedish .... 145 

Tamarisk-like '. . . 151 

Tetragonal . . .143 

Virginian . . . 153 

Barbadoes form . . I53 

Bermuda form . 153 

,5 bushy . . . 154 

5, Carolina form . 154 

„ compact-growing . 154 

„ drooping-branched . 154 



I 



xvi 


IXDEX. 








PAGE 






PAGE 


JUNIPEE .... 


140 


PINE 


99 


Virginian dwarf 


. 154 


55 


Canary Island . 


106 


female form 


154 


33 


Candle-wood * • 


. 137 


glaucous-leaved • 


. 154 


3 3 


C em.br a-like 


107 


„ golden- variegated 


154 


33 


Chinese 


. 130 


5, male form 


. 154 




Contorted-branched 


112 


,5 pendulous-branched 


154 


33 


Corean 


. 115 


„ „ female form 


. 154 


3» 


Corsican . . 


108 


„ „ male form 


154 


33 


5 5 Calabrian form 


. 110 


,. „ „ variegated . 


. 154 


53 


5 5 Carmanian form , 


110 


silvery- variegated 


154 


53 


,5 dwarf 


. 110 


variegated 


. 154 


55 


.. liarht sreen 


110 


,, ,, verv-Sfreen-spraved . 


154 


55 


5 5 Pallas' s , . 


, 110 


5, Western . . ' . 


. 142 


33 


5 5 pendent-branched 


110 


Kouri Pine .... 


96 




5, tortuous-branched 


. 110 


LAECH FIE 


. 84 




5 5 variegated 


110 


American 


86 


33 


Crest-seeded , . 


. 117 


5, J J pendulous-branclied 


. 86 


3' 


Dense-flowered 


111 


„ ,5 red 


86 




Duke of Bedford's 


. 128 


„ ,, small-coned 


. 86 


33 


Duke of Devonshire's 


111 


,5 Chinese .... 


85 




Dwarf mountain 


. 126 


„ European 


. 86 


3 3 


55 5, round-coned 


127 


dwarf 


89 




5, ,5 variegated 


. 127 


red 


. 89 




Egg-coned 


122 


5, 5, rustic-branched 


89 


3 3 


small • 

5 5 3 3 »^*"«*". » 


. 122 


.. weeninsf 


. 89 




Epidermis-barked 


105 


white 


89 




Eine-leaved 


. 112 


Griffith's 


. 91 




Fragrant 


105 


5, Indian .... 


91 




Fremont's 


. 112 


Janan 


. 91 




Gerard's 


112 


„ Lovely .... 


84 


3 5 


Gordon's . . , 


. 113 


5, Mountain 


. 84 




Hartweg's 


113 


Slender . . , , 


91 




Heavy-wooded 


. 125 


The lovely 


. 84 




Jeffrey's 


115 


Tyrolese 


88 




Lady Granville's 


. 113 


,5 Western 


. 91 


3 5 


Lambert's 


115 


Monkey Puzzle Pine 


94 


33 


Large-coned 


. 117 


PINE .... 


. 99 


33 


Large-leaved • 


118 


Aleppo .... 


113 


33 


Late seeding 


. 129 


Apulco • 


. 102 


33 


Lawson's • 


116 


Austrian . . . 


104 




Lindley's 


. 116 


variesrated 


. 104 


33 


Llave's .... 


116 


Awned-scaled 


103 




Lofty 


. Ill 


Balfour's 


. 104 


53 


5, smaU-coned 


112 


Banks's 


104 


55 


5, small-leaved 


. 112 


Bentham's . . . 


. 104 


33 


Long-leaved Indian 


117 


„ Bitter-juiced 


127 


33 


Lord Aberdeen's 


. 124 


„ Bonaparte 


. 105 


33 


Loudon's 


117 


„ Calabrian 


110 


33 


Macedonian 


. 122 


„ „ cluster-coned 


. 105 


33 


Marquis of Winchester's 


137 



1 

i 



INDEX. 



xvii 



PAGE 



PINE 


99 


3 5 


Masson's 


. 118 




single-leaved 


119 


5 5 


5, variegated 


. 119 


J) 


Merkus's 


120 




Milky white 


. 102 


J J 


Montezuma 


120 


>5 


Mountain (Californian) 


. 120 


}} 


„ (European) 


120 


35 


5, dwarf 


. 121 


J ) 


hook-coned 


121 




„ pigmy 


. 121 




round-coned 


121 


J) 


„ short-leaved 


, 121 


J) 


„ variegated 


121 


) ) 


Nut .... 


. 125 




O'Bispo .... 


121 




Odoriferous 


. 130 




Pallas' s 


110 




Pince's 


125 




Poor J ersey 


113 




„ procumbent-branched 


114 




smooth-coned 


114 




„ smooth-leaved 


114 




„ various-leaved 


114 




Prickly- coned 


121 


J f 


Protuberant-scaled 


126 


)> 


Pyrenean ... 


127 


)) 


Eadiate-scaled 


127 


} ) 


Red American 


128 


) J 


Eed Scotch 


134 




Regel's .... 


128 




Remarkable 


114 


) ) 


Resinous 


128 


)) 


Riga 


135 




Rope-coned 


130 




Sabine's . . . . 


129 




small-coned 


129 




Scotch .... 


134 


J) 


,, dwarf 


136 


1 > 


„ drooping-branched 


136 


)) 


fastigiate-branched 


139 


)) 


„ horizontal-branched 


136 


J> 


large-leaved 


136 


»> 


„ Red 


134 


J> 


„ short -leaved 


136 


>> 


„ silvery -leaved 


136 


J> 


single-leaved . , 


136 


?» 


„ variegated 


139 


?) 


,, White 


134 







PAGE 


PINE • . . . . 






Short wing- seeded 


1 f\K 

Wo 


>' 


Sir Charles Lemon's 


1 OA 


> i 


Slender-leaved , 


loo 




Smooth-leaved 


lift 




Soft-leaved 






Southern 




) ) 


„ marsh 


104. 




tall .... 


104. 




Spreading 


199 


f « 


Star-coned 


19^ 


)> 


,, dwarf 


194, 


5 J 


,, drooping-branched . 


194, 




„ Lord Aberdeen's 


194, 




„ single-leaved 


124. 




5, Sir Charles Lemon's 


1 94. 




„ small-coned 


194. 




small-leaved 


1 94, 


)) 


„ tortuous-branched 


194. 


if 


„ variegated 




fi 


Stone .... 


12^ 


J) 


,, Alpine 


. Lao 


)» 


Chinese 


12 


>> 


,, short-leaved 


12^ 


) f 


„ thin- shelled 


12'i 


1 » 


., variegated 


. J. iitj 




Strobus .... 


1^0 


) ) 


ashy-grey 






„ Asiatic 


1Q4. 




compact-branched 


1^4. 




,, drooping-branched . 


1 Q4, 




dwarf 






gigantic 


1'^ 




„ horn-coned 


134 




„ large-coned 


xiya 




„ long-coned 


1^4. 

• xO^ 


)» 


,, long-leaved 


XOi 


)t 


mountain 






„ pitchy 


122 




short-leaved 




>} 


„ slender-leaved . 


1^4. 


f f 


„ small-coned 




5? 


small-leaved 


134 


f1 


„ snowy -white 


1^4 


J) 


,, strong-branched 


134 


»» 


„ taU 


. 134 


9i 


„ tortuous-branched 


134 


>» 


„ variegated 


. 134 


if 


Sugar . . . . 


133 




Sumatra 


. 120 



XVlll 



INDEX. 









PAGE 


PINE 




. yy 


j> 


Swiss .... 


1j7 


>) 


55 


dwarf 


lu7 


)» 


55 


glaucous 


107 




55 


pendent-branched 


107 


't 


55 


variegated 


107 


j> 


5> 


white .... 


107 


>> 


Thread-leaved 


1 1 r> 

112 


J ' 


Timour Island 


137 


?5 


Torch-wood . . . 


lob 


51 


Tortuous-branclied 


lUc5 


)> 


Tuberculate-coned 


ld7 


>J 


Yariable-leaved 


11/4 

114 


>» 


Yerticillate-branclied 


1 01 
Idl 


J» 


West Indian . . 


1 01 


)> 


Weymouth 


lol 


>» 


White American » 


loo 


5> 


White Canadian 


ioo 


55 


White Scotch 


104 


5) 


Whorl-branched 


1^1 
±OL 


PODOCAEPUS TEIBE 






Beautiful-leaved 




51 


53 


Indian 


1 KK 


J5 


55 


„ beautiful-leaved 


loo 


53 


51 


„ Bengal 


IKK 

155 


55 


55 


„ Blume's 


1 K£? 

15o 


55 


55 


,, Java 


155 


55 


55 


,5 large-leaved 


155 


5 5 


35 


Japan 


155 


53 


55 


,5 golden- variegated 


155 


)> 


55 


large-leaved 


155 


55 


)5 


,, long-pointed-leaved 155 


55 


55 


„ ovate-leaved 


155 


55 


55 


„ variegated 


155 


55 


35 


„ silvery-variegated 


155 


55 


Spike-eruited 


156 


55 


55 


Andes 


157 


55 


55 


Bitter-fruited . 


157 


55 


55 


Chinese 


157 


5) 


33 


elegant 


157 


5 J 


55 


golden-variegated 


157 


55 


55 


, , large-leaved 


157 


55 


53 


„ silvery-variegated 


157 


53 


55 


„ small-leaved 


157 


55 


55 


„ wrinkled-leaved 


157 


55 


>» 


Chomoro 


158 


5 J 


5> 


Corean 


157 


55 


3) 


Cypress-like 


158 


55 


5) 


Bacrydium-like 


158 


53 


35 


Discoloured 


159 



PAGE 

PODOCAEPUS TEIBE . . 154 

Spike-fruited . . . 154 

„ Goonsi . . . 159 

„ Jamaica . . . 159 

„ „ leathery -leaved 159 

„ „ snowy -white . 159 

,, J, Kaki-Katea . . 158 

„ „ Kimerack . . . 158 

„ Lambert's . . 158 

„ Large-leaved . . 157 

„ „ Long-leaved . . 157 

„ „ Lofty .... 158 

„ „ ,, ample-leaved . 158 

„ „ long-leaved . 158 

,, „ red-nerved . 158 

„ „ spike-flowered . 158 

3) ,i 3, spiny-leaved . 158 

„ spoon-leaved . 158 

„ „ Nerium-leaved . 159 

„ Oleander-leaved . . 159 

„ „ Eusty ... 158 

„ „ Stiff-leaved . . .159 

55 3 3 35 yew-leaved . 160 

3» 33 dense-leaved . 160 

„ Tall .... 158 

„ Thunberg's . . 158 

„ „ Totara ... 160 

„ To-tar-ra . . . 160 

„ „ Yaldivian . . 160 

„ „ White wood . . 158 

Yacca . . . 159 

Yew-leaved . . .160 

Eacem-Floweeed Wax Pine 97 

,, Cunningham's . . .97 

,5 ,, glaucous . . 97 

Scale-Fruited Yew . . 168 

„ Prince Albert's . . 168 

Strong-Odoured Yew . . 167 

Totara Pine .... 160 

Umbrella- Like Wax Pine . 98 

WAX PINE TEIBE . . 91 

„ Araucaria ... 92 

Australian . . 92 

„ „ Bidwell's ... 92 

,, Brazilian . . 93 

„ „ Chilian ... 94 

„ „ Cook's ... 93 

„ Cunningham's . . 33^ 

,3 ,3 35 glaucous-leaved 93 

35 3 3 33 long-leaved . 93 



INDEX. 



XIX 



WAX PINE TEIBE 



J) 


Aeaucakia 




)) 


fine-leaved Chilian 


» 


>> 


imbricated-leaved 


tf 


>J 


lofty 


>> 


>> 


Norfolk Island 


>> 


» 


Rule's 




35 


variegated-Chilian 




Dammara 


J» 


>> 


Australian 


5» 


5? 


glaucous-leav 


J> 


>» 


obtuse-leaved 


>J 


)J 


Eastern 


J> 


J> 


large-leaved 


3> 




„ ovate-leaved 


J> 


3> 


„ white 


) > 


)J 


Feejee 


1? 


>> 


Moore's 


5» 


Eacem-Floweeed 


J ) 




Cunningham's 


J J 


>> 


„ glaucous 


?1 


Umbrella-Like 


»» 


j» 


whorl-leaved 


5> 


>> 


dwarf , 


5> 


>> 


„ large-leaved 


5» 


j» 


small-leaved 


1» 


)» 


,, variegated 



Whorl-Leaved Pine 
YEW TEIBE ... 
,, Cluster-Flowered , 
Fortune's 

„ drooping-branched 

female 
„ male 
great- spreading 
long-footstalked 
Marquis of Harrington's 
plum-fruited 
glaucous 
Scale-Fruited 

Prince Albert's 
Strong-Odoured 
,, mountain 
5, nut-bearing 
„ nutmeg 



PAGE 

91 

92 

95 

94 

93 

93 

95 

95 

95 

96 

96 

96 

96 

97 

97 

97 

97 

96 

97 

97 

97 

98 

98 

99 

99 

99 

99 

98 

164 

166 

166 

167 

167 

167 

167 

167 

167 

166 

166 

168 

168 

167 

167 

168 

168 



PAGR 

YEW TEIBE . . . . 164 
„ Prototype or Common . 168 
„ abrupt-pointed-leaved 174 

5, adpressed . . 171 

5, Canadian . . 171 

common . . . 171 
33 5 3 3 3 creeping . 173 

drooping-branched 173 
„ variegated 173 
dwarf . . 173 

erect-growing . 172 
fastigiate-branched 173 
golden-varietd. 173 
silvery „ 173 
flattened-branched 171 
glaucous-leaved 172 
gold-and-green- 

sprayed . 173 
golden -variegated 172 
,5 heath-like-leaved 172 
5, pendulous-branched 173 
pyramidal . 173 

short -leaved . 172 
silvery -variegated 172 
sparse-leaved , 173 
„ thinly -leaved . 173 
,5 variegated . 173 

yellow-berried 172 
Dovaston's . ,173 

English , . 171 

flat -branched . .171 
„ erect-stemmed 171 
Indian . , .174 
Irish ... 173 
gold- and- green- 
sprayed . .173 
golden- variegated 173 
silvery-variegated 173 
Jackson's . . . 173 
Lindley's . . 174 

Mexican . . .174 
recurved-branched . 173 
Wallich's . . .174 
weeping . . 173 



INTRODUCTION. 



In past ages of the world's history the cultivation and planting of trees 
was more generally the work of i^ature, than the art of man as an 
arboriculturist, and even in our country it is but of a comparatively 
recent date that the art of tree culture has received much more atten- 
tion from us than our forefathers were in the habit of bestowing upon 
it. Doubtless, there have been, in past times, nay, even in our own 
day, there are, many counteracting influences at work which have much 
retarded the progressive development of arboriculture as compared 
with the kindred arts agriculture and horticulture ; but capital and 
knowledge, acted upon by perseverance, can, and eventually will, do 
for forestry, what has already been done for farming and gardening ; 
for it is a good omen, in this utilitarian age of ours, when most trans- 
actions are regulated and finally perfected or exploded by the all- 
powerful influence of that phenomenon, — the three magical letters 
L. S. D. and w^hen Iron vey^sus Wood is so engrossing the national 
mind, that such old saios as : — "The planter of trees benefits not him- 
self but his posterity," or : — " Tree planting is not profitable ; " are 
one after another being consigned to the limbo of the past ; and all 
antiquated prejudices and rule-of-thumb forestry are now fast making 
way for practical arboriculture. 

Yes, Britain, great thou art, yet, far greater shalt thou be, in tliat 
happy day, when thou canst show the nations of the world, and their 
culturist, that such of thy lands as are capable of, and required for 
growing food for man and animals are so employed, and such as can be 
appropriated shall be covered with good and profitable crops of Firs, and 
Pines, and other woodland verdure ; adding much to thy national wealth, 
health, and happiness, and the natural beauty of thy sea-girt isles : 
and when the noble Stag, the beautiful Pheasant, the leaping Hare, the 
moorland Grouse, the pretty Partridge, the lowland Snipe, the nnich- 
prized Woodcock, the jovial Blackcock, the plump Greyhen, and the 

B 



■'2 



PINACE^. 



cunning Fox shall have in their flight or chase an ambrosial shade 
and chance retreat, (which methinks I hear them whisper, — are 
essential in all true sport ;) in the scattered and unformal groups 
of firs and pines, or other proper arboral growths, which shall change 
thy dreary plains and naked hills from barren wastes to picturesque 
landscapes ; and when thy noble and manly arts of hunting and shoot- 
ing shall be practised more consonant to the instincts of a noble 
people, as patrician games and exhilarating work ; not as now too 
common — plebeian battuing ; or, perchance, a more appropriate 
phrase — a mercenary labour : and when not only the value, but like- 
wise the pleasures derived from thy landed property, shall be greatly 
increased by arboriculture being elevated to its true and legitimate 
rank as an art ; when firs and pines, and all other arboral products 
shall be planted in the proper place, and the right species in the right 
spot, whether for utility or adornment, profit or pleasure ; or as 
shelter or food for biped or quadruped, domesticated or wild. 

During the last half century no branch of arboriculture has received 
so great a stimulus as, or has been more popular than, the introduction 
and cultivation of Coniferce so-called : this patronage, however, is not 
to be attributed to our appreciation of them as valuable timber trees ; 
but to our admiration of them as ornamental trees. Excepting, how- 
ever, the cereals, esculents, and fruits of agriculture and horticulture, 
there is no family of plants of more intrinsic importance or economic 
value to us as a nation in our present utilitarian, yet, highly refined 
condition. 

For profitable planting in the climate, soils, and altitudes of Britain, 
few, if any, genera or species of trees are better adapted than some of 
the species of this family ; inasmuch as we can here select trees which 
are thoroughly hardy, good and sound constitutioned ; of large dimen- 
sions and very rapid growth ; and not too discriminating in their 
choice of soils or situations : some of which produce timber the most 
durable, strong, elastic, close-grained, long-fibred, easily wought and 
capable of recei^dng the highest polish ; not subject to incipient 
decay, and free from the ravages of wood-vermin that are parasitical 
to all known woods : for general utility the timber of some of them 
is not surpassed by that of any other trees ; for I know of but few 
architectural, arts — useful or mechanical, rural or domestic purposes 
to which timber can be converted but the material for such conversion 
can be selected from amongst the woods produced by the firs and 
pines. 



IXTRODUCTION. 



3 



Tlie arts and manufactures are much indebted to Pinaceee for many 
of their staples ; for from this group we obtain the various resinous 
juices which in commerce we find as solid or liquid balsams, resins, 
turpentines, tars, oils, spirits, pitch, lamp-black, olibanum, and 
sandarac ; and in many of the more refined and confected compounds 
of the chemists are to be found fir and pine juice in more or less 
quantity. Not a few of the species produce seeds which are good for 
food, and in some countries are largely consumed as such by both man 
and animal ; while, at least one species, — the common Yew, produces fruit 
which acts as an irritant or poison in the stomach or intestines of man 
and beast. The manufacture of our national beverage gin is depend- 
ant upon the Juniper for at least one of its constituents ; for it is from 
the berry of this genus that its most esteemed quality, its rich piquant 
aroma is obtained. The fibre threads of the leaves, roots, or wood of 
some of the Pines are now being converted into good and comfortable 
clothing ; paper, also, is being manufactured ; and many other 
articles for art, or use and ornament, may yet be found in the lignines 
produced by the firs and pines ; which, if coal and iron ever run out, 
might be ready for service when air or electricity may supersede steam 
as the motive power on our planet. 

For ornamental planting in this country, no trees or shrubs excel 
the firs and pines ; and for true natural beauty, irrespective of painted 
floral forms, where, oh ! where, in the wide, wide world shall we find 
such majestic forms, such symmetrical gracefulness, and such fabulous 
giants ! such lovable pigmies ! such varied and pleasing shades and tints 
of colour : such odorous perfumes, or such an assemblage of conspicuous 
dissimilants, as are to be found amongst this family of !N^ature's 
vegetable products? 

" There tow'ring firs in conic form arise, 
And with a pointed spear divide the skies." — Prior. 

Or, . . 

'* Here pigmy pines by other trees forlorn, 
With verdant gems the mountain peaks adorn." — Nelson. 

Again, 

" That gi'owth the western north hath late unveil'd 

To European eyes ; * those limbs 
Gigantic, threefold what one deera'd prevail' d 

The loftiest stems to rise ; those Anakims 
Of trees have dazzled sense." — Craig. 

* Gigantahies Welling foniayia, Wellington's Giant Fir. Yclcped Well ingtonia 
Giyanteaj The Gigantic Wellington. It should, at least; have been Gigantica. 

B 2 



4 



PINACEiE. 



CHAPTEE I. 

CULT I VAT 10 If. 

As a sine quel non^ a timber tree, to be adapted for profitable planting 
in the climate and soils of Great Britain and Ireland, must have a 
perfectly hardy and sound constitution ; be of large dimension and 
rapid growth ; produce good and durable wood ; and not be fastidious 
as to soil or situation. For ornamental planting the tree or shrub, 
whatever its peculiar beauty or usefulness, must be sufficiently hardy 
for our climate. The hardiness, rate of growth, and peculiar likes or 
dislikes of soil and situation of any of the firs and pines can in a few 
short years after their introduction soon be determined ; not so easily, 
however, the quality or quantity of the timber they are likely to pro- 
duce in our various soils and changeable climate. Yet, from the many 
and trustworthy sources of information which of late years have been 
afforded us, by the admirable and numerous collections of foreign 
specimen woods, which were shown at our International Exhibition ; 
and from our now large and increasing imports of foreign timber, and 
the very numerous and fast accumulating collections of specimen 
woods both public and private, we have perfectly reliable data whereby 
we can form a very correct estimate of the quality and quantity of the 
timber of most of the firs and pines. 

The first or primary consideration — perfect hardiness — being secured, 
the next in order is perfect health ; and here we are at the very pith of 
the matter — the causes which produce the effects which we term 
success or failure in our introduction and cultivation of the firs and 
pines. 

JN'o sounder maxim is there in the arboricultural art than that to be 
successful in our introduction and cultivation of the firs and pines, we 
must have more than our first essential — perfect hardiness. Our 
second requisite is perfect health ; and, this secured, we must then see 
to it that we not only collect but select healthy seed ; this attended to, 
our next step is the preparation of the seeds to be sown, and the 



CULTIVATION, 



5 



sowing of the right seed in the right place : for it does not follow as a 
corollary that healthy seed if carelessly managed will produce healthy 
seedlings ; nor that healthy seedlings if injudiciously cultivated will 
produce healthy plants ; nor that healthy plants if planted in un- 
healthy soils will produce healthy trees. These latter conditions, 
however, though quite as indispensable as healthy seed, and other equally 
self-evident axioms ; are, if admitted, not generally acted upon ; inas- 
much as the instances are neither few nor far between that, in our 
modes of raising and cultivating, such facts are completely ignored ; 
for in most public nurseries, and, also, in most private establishments, 
we find tliat all new, rare, or high-priced firs and pines, be they hardy 
or tender, tree or shrub, are like most novelties timongst fair Flora's 
exotic beauties, first steamed in a hot-bed, then potted and transferred 
to an intermediate house, a second-shift and cold frame, after which, 
perchance, a season or two's close confinement in a larger than a thumb- 
pot ; or it may be stuck into a big pot or tub and sent to the plung- 
ing ground in nursery-beds or garden-borders. Should such plants 
escape the rubbish heap — their proper sepulchre, — and eventually find 
tlieii* way to permanent quarters in arboretum' or pinetum, wood or 
forest, park or plantation, lawn or shrubbery ; with their roots a con- 
glomeration of cork-screws; and each and all of the component organs 
of their systems in a more or less diseased condition; what can we 
expect of them ? Or, again, as is too frequently the case, where fire, 
glass, and pots have been dispensed with, and the open ground 
system adopted ; the practices are here likewise very reprehensible ; for 
sheltered corners, stimulants, nay, prisons are the watch-words of the 
culturists. Moreover, it frequently happens that many of them are 
subjected to still more cruel treatment than I have indicated. 

After such treatment can we expect that a seed, seedling, or plant of 
either fi.r or pine, will not require some considerable period of time to 
recover from the injuries done to its system in its infancy by such doc- 
toring, stimulating, pampering, and mistaken kindness? In our pro- 
pagation and cultivation while in a young state, I think, have we the 
cause which produces such effects as heart-rot, disease, decay, and pre- 
mature death amongst them. Then, if profitable timber, perfect health, 
sound growth, and utility or ornament be our object in introducing 
and cultivating the firs and pines ; we must take i^ature and common 
sense for our guides, and propagate from seed, cultivate upon rational 
principles, feed with proper food, and plant in suitable soils. As a 
matter of course, where we find any of the varieties, sub-varieties, or 



6 



seminal sports from a species, wliicli rarely if ever reproduce tliem- 
selves true to their kind from seed ; we must propagate them from 
cuttings or layers, or by grafting them on the species, or a quasi-species 
of the same genus to which they belong ; for when, as in this case, 
ornamental tree branches or shrubs are what we desiderate; and when 
the increase and perpetuation of such things can only be accomplished 
by such means ; such modes of propagation are pardonable and neces- 
sary ; but wherever seed can be obtained, no fir nor pine which comes 
true to its kind from seed should ever be propagated otherwise than 
from seed ; and this is equally true whether timber or ornament be our 
object in propagating them. 

In the first stage of cultivation of the firs and pines, I cannot do 
better than give a summary of the modus operandi wherewith we have 
practised. About a dozen years ago we commenced what in profes- 
sional phraseology is termed a Home-!N"ursery, a purely commercial 
undertaking, for the raising and nursing of forest plants for forest 
planting ; our object being profitable timber j by judicious manage- 
ment, and strict economy. A few years later we conceived the idea, 
and brought forth what we term our Forest Arboretum, — a plantation 
or place in which from time to time we plant as we obtain new kinds 
of trees. Our nursery grounds were enclosed from land which had 
been lying as forest for at least seven centuries, for many years a browsing 
field for Deer : very variable and dissimilar in its composition; inas- 
much as it consists of patches of good loam, light sandy loam, gTavelly 
black and brown earths, stifP, friable, and gravelly clays, gravelly sand, 
soft sand, and much of it sandy peat ; the subsoils gravelly, marly, 
and sandy clays ; pure gravel, or hard and soft sands ; some of which 
are more or less impregnated with iron. Wherever necessary the 
ground was efi'ectively drained, and then trenched from one-and-a-half 
to two feet deep. It is thoroughly exposed to all the points of the 
compass. With the exception of about four acres which we use for 
seedling ground, any portion of which after having produced a crop 
is then thrown fallow for a season, and dressed with farmyard manure 
which has been frequently turned, and two years old before being 
applied to the ground ; in Avhich it again lies another year before the 
next sowing ; excepting these four acres none else of it has ever been 
otherwise dressed or manured than with compost made from our 
annual cleanings and vegetable refuse, which is carefully collected into 
annual heaps ; to which is added an annual collection of leaves, and 
the cleanings of open drains ; all of whicli are then mixed up ; and in 



CULTIVATION. 



7 



the following season to this is added a small proportion of lime or 
chalk to assist natural decomposition and the purifying of the compost ; 
and these annual heaps are turned over every winter for five or six 
years; then they are ready for use. By such means v/e obtain natural 
humis, (vegetable mould,) the only safe or useful manure for the firs 
and pines ; for all other manures, whether farmyard, as generally used 
and half rotten, or artificials, however useful and necessary they may 
be in high farming or good gardening, are in true forestry nullities ; 
nay, worse ; for in the large majority of cases, and particularly in the 
case of the firs and pines, such compounds are at best but injurious 
stimulants, and not unfrequently deadly poison. Our arboretum, and 
in short most of our woods and plantations, are very similar to our 
nursery grounds in the components or composition of their soils ; and 
all of them are not only variable, but likewise the changes and transi- 
tions from one description to another are very remarkable, even upon 
comparatively small areas, and our surfaces are more undulatino- than 
flat. 

As I have abeady indicated, we use no artificial protection : the 
consequence is that many, alas ! too many, of the most beautiful 
forms of the firs and pines have had their births and deaths in our 
nursery-grounds, and all that now remains to remind us of their 
existence amongst us is the records and memoranda to be found in our 
register of deaths ; which is often thus summarized : — Too tender, 
delicate, and fastidious for the climate of Britain and this, be it 
remembered, is never registered until two or more trials of the 
hardiness of any tender species has been made ; so that our nursery- 
ground is the place where we try their hardiness, and should they 
survive a half-dozen winters' trial, and what might be termed roughing 
it in the nurseries, by being well-exposed, and allowing them plenty of 
space from plant to plant ; whether in the seed-beds, drills, rows, 
borders, or squares ; and by frequent removal and transplanting ; (but 
never, even in the seedling state, with those implements called dibbles) ; 
by this treatment we not only prove their hardiness, but likewise 
properly and thoroughly prepare them for removal to their permanent 
quarters, in arboretum or plantation ; for, from a somewhat extensive 
practice in the cultivation of the firs and pines, experience has taught 
me that to be successful in their introduction we must not only have 
our essential, — healthy seed, but likewise healthy seedlings, healthy 
plants, healthy food, and healthy soil, and likewise healthy preparation 
for removal to permanent quarters ; the goal of wliich will be arrived at 



8 



PINACE^. 



in the sequel, and can only be reachecl by such, a start and course 
of procedure as I have now indicated. 

In whatever soils, altitudes, and climates, whether in a natural or 
cultivated state, the pine tribe, when in luxuriant and perfect health, 
will be found in soils more or less rich in natural humis, f.e., vegetable 
mould, alluvia, or stony debris^ which has, throughout a series of years 
been accumulating, decomposing, and pulverizing ; and been prepared 
in nature's laboratory, as pine food : and when found in their greatest 
pristine beauty generally found inhabiting decKvitous localities, or 
mountainous countries, and invariably more numerous on undulating 
than on flat surfaces. The great majority of them will not only grow 
but luxuriate in sandy loam, gravelly, or gritty soils, if of sufficient 
depth to allow their far-spreading roots to ramify and extend along the 
surface soil in search of food ; and many of them will succeed in 
almost any description of soil, excepting a soft peat or spongy marsh : 
but sub-soil is of more importance than surface-soil for the firs and 
pines j for, whatever the top, the bottom must be open and porous, so 
as to constitute what I term naturally dry substrata, whereby all 
excess of water must be carried away, or doAvn from the roots, keeping 
the surface always sweet and healthy by the ready ingress of solar 
heat, and the speedy egress of all superfluous water ; a porous sub- 
stratum will always retain or draw up sufficient moisture, but a close 
impervious substratum will retain superabundant water until it becomes 
sour and stagnant ; and when the suppKes are for any length of time 
stopped the attractive force of an impervious substratum is nil ; hence 
the two extremes of the surface soil — drought and drowning ; than 
which few if any causes are more inimical to the healthy growth of 
most of the pines. Most of them will not succeed in thin surface- 
soils resting upon impervious chalk or limestone ; and dislike the coal 
formations as a substratum, while nearly all of them do well upon 
sandstone formations, which still further illustrates my theory of an 
open, porous, or sandy substratum ; for even surface soils of a close 
adhesive nature, such as soft clays, peats, and marshes, or other cold, 
wet, and sour earths, can, by proper drainage, and an opening and 
ventilating of the substrata be made suitable for many species of the 
Common and the Giant Fir, the Cypress, the Pine, and the Yew ; some 
of which prefer over moist to over-dry surface soils, provided the sub- 
soil is of the right character. 

Situation is a primary consideration ; inasmuch as here I have to 
suiTey from an ornamental, not a profitable planter's view of the 



CULTIVATION. 



9 



subject; and, strictly speaking, the very beautiful, symmetrically 
graceful, lovely green, variegated, glaucous, and fine-foliaged kinds, may 
by being planted in the wrong instead of the right situation, lose half, 
two-thirds, or perchance all their beauty ; unless, indeed, such are like 
in their quality to that of a nameless canine species, whose native 
habitat is north of the Tweed, and whose chief beauty, according to 
the uninitiated, consists in its extreme ugliness. Aspect, again, must 
not be lost sight of in this phase of the subject; for some of the Indian 
South Californian, and South European species will, if sheltered, do 
much better in a northern than any other aspect in this country ; 
and this holds tl^ue of most of the firs and pines from sunny climes 
and fertile soils, where they have contracted a predisposition to early 
spring growth when first introduced into this climate ; and until Ave 
get them thoroughly inured to our late springs and short summers, 
we should give them a situation in a north aspect, so as not to induce 
but to retard this natural tendency of their early starting their spring 
growth. 

Altitude, in so far as the firs and pines are concerned in the British 
Isles, is a phase of the subject which requires but a very brief notice ; 
inasmuch as most of them that are sufficiently hardy for our climate 
will, if in soils suitable for them, and upon substratas congenial to 
their nature, do better on high than low altitudes ; and the higher the 
elevation, if shelter be afforded them when young, the better they seem 
to thrive. 

Climate, is indeed a familiar word, yet, a phenomenon, comprehending 
or connected Avith all those elements and attributes of matter and 
force : — animal and vegetable life ; air, earth, and water ;— when con- 
sidered in connection with nature's active powers, and when acted upon 
by those mighty forces which we term light, heat, electricity, gravi- 
tation, and rotation ; and the chemical and cohesive agents furnish the 
material of those specific, yet, compound and complex conditions of 
our seasons, — land and ocean winds, thunder and storm, tides and 
currents, hurricanes and calms, rains and dews, snow and ice, and 
clouds and sunshine; and although climate, in its largest or most 
comprehensive sense, might be thus enlarged and descanted upon, 
yet, when considered in relation to our own country, and as pertaining 
to our present subject, its vast and complex character is much circum- 
scribed, and all philosophical speculation, and metaphysical uncertainties 
can be dispensed with ; and by strict induction for truth in this phase 
of aboriculture, we can from nature's founts of pure and simple truth. 



10 



PINACE^. 



and our own practical knowledge of the firs and pines, draw deductions 
which, are so conclusive and unerring, that it is no mere theory or specu- 
lation, but a well ascertained and established fact, that the climate of 
Eritain is most admirably adapted for all the firs and pines which are 
at present hardy enough to withstand the severity of our winters. It 
is a remarkable fact that the fossil -beds of the Eritish. Isles contain 
the remains of not a few species of the Common Fir, the Giant Fir, 
the Cypress, the Common Pine, and the Wax Pine : and I often, when 
in a reflective mood, consider myself as engaged in the introduction 
and cultivation of firs and pines, which, in now far distant ages of our 
planet's history, were to be found in our own sea-girt isles, with ]N"ature 
as their cuiturist, though now the climate be much changed from what 
it then was. 

Wind, as a pbase of climate, is another of the causes which operate 
against the cultivation of the firs and pines, and is one of the difficulties 
we have to encounter ; for but few of them can withstand the assault 
of a cutting wind with impunity ; and it matters but little whether its 
direction be easterly or westerly, or from north or south ; but from 
observation I think that south-west gales and sea- side blasts are most 
injurious to them ; yet, even in localities where winds, gales, and sea- 
breezes prevail, by first planting thickly those kinds which, are 
recommended for such situations, shelter, in a short time would 
be afforded, when most of the newer or rare kinds might be 
introduced amongst them, gradually thinning out the common kinds 
when their services as nurses are no longer required. 

Atmosphere, again, may be disposed of as a collateral of climate ; 
and here I have only to remark that most of the pine tribe prefer, some 
of them demand, a pure atmosphere; and will only struggle for 
existence in such as are noxious or impure, where the most of them 
will languish and die : in cities or towns, or in close proximity to 
manufactories or workshops, where the atmosphere is impregnated with 
deleterious ingredients, or highly charged with smoke, only such kinds 
as are known to resist with some degree of impunity such injurious 
intkiences should be planted. Por sach localities some of the species 
of the Arbor- Yitae, the Ground, Prototype, and Resinous-Seeded 
Cypresses, the Juniper, the Pine, and the Yew should be selected ; 
while most of the species of the Araucaria, Cedar, Pir, and Larch 
should be rejected. 

With regard to the best Season for removing or transplanting firs and 
pines, we ourselves prefer and practice it in the months of iN'ovember 



CULTIVATION. 



11 



and December, all other things agreeing ; and when, as in our case, 
they have to be planted in hundreds of thousands annually : when, 
however, they have only to be planted in small quantities or as orna- 
mental trees or shrubs ; and when naturally cultivated and properly 
prepared plants are to be had, and the land is in a healthy condition 
and every way ready for planting ; I would have no preference for 
this, that, or the other month ; although their resting season, late 
autumn, winter, and early spring is the most rational ; for of late years 
we have planted a few hundreds of several of the species the first week 
in each month all round the year, upon common forest land : some of 
the plants of each kind and of each month were planted in pits or 
holes dug to receive them, others were slitted with a common garden 
spade, and some planted with our planting spade ; and all of these 
plants and young trees are cceteris parihus as healthy, and quite 
as promising as others in the same plantations which were planted 
at our usual time, [N'ovember and December ; but it must be 
remembered that all these plants were naturally cultivated and often 
transplanted before removal into the plantations. 

All things have their Enemies, and to this very general rule the pine 
tribe is no exception ; but to treat of all of their enemies would be far 
beyond the limits to which I have confined myself in this volume ; I 
only, therefore, enumerate a few of the more common kinds ^thich 
have proved to be not only injurious but frequently destructive to 
them. 

The Pine Beetle :— these creatures often work great havoc 
amongst the pines : some seasons they are very numerous ; when they 
vfill seriously injure whole plantations, and not unfrequently destroy 
the perfect form and symmetrical gracefulness of some of our best 
specimens. I have found no effectual means for its practical destruc- 
tion ; but its ravages may be greatly reduced by persisting in cutting 
out the young shoots into which it has entered, and burning them ; for 
when these insects once infest a tree it is quite astonishing with what 
rapidity they carry on their work ; generally entering at or near the 
junction of the present season's terminal shoots with those of the 
previous season ; working upwards until they reach the tops ; having 
arrived at which, they bore their way out : and when numerous 
they are, indeed, destructive enemies ; for so it fares from shoot to 
shoot, from branch to branch, and from tree to tree. 

The Cocus or Scale: — of these little pests we have several 
species ; two of which are very injurious to some of the species of 



12 



the Fir, Larch, and Pine. These insects are at work early in the 
season, and are enormously productive breeders, each female producing 
several dozen eggs at a brood, and several successive broods in the 
course of the season : fortunately, however, they are not of annual 
occurrence in this country ; and during the last dozen years their 
numbers seem to have been gradually decreasing ; and it is to be 
hoped that they will not again visit us in such vast numbers as they 
did about twenty years ago ; when we had legions of them, each indi- 
vidual of which makes its innumerable punctures upon the young and 
tender shoots ] thereby causing the sap to ooze out ; retarding circula- 
tion, producing ulceration, and engendering consumptive or incurable 
disease amongst many of our fir, but more especially our larch fir 
plantations. I have found no practical nor effectual means for their 
destruction, nor for the restoration to health of a tree when it has been 
seriously affected in its constitution by their ravages ; the best plan is 
at once to cut such trees down, for if left the chances are that after a 
few years struggling they come to their death. Where, however, trees 
are partially injured, by keeping them properly thinned, and clear of 
dead branches, admitting light and pure air, they may recover. 

The Wood-Beetle :— of this we have several species, but in 
the case of the firs and pines, the one most to be feared is the fir 
beetle, pine-weavils as they are sometimes called; and though 
related to its congener this species must not be confounded with 
the Pine-Beetle, inasmuch as it is a very different creature both 
in its habits of life and modes of working; these, Wood-Beetle 
class of insects, which are so destructive to firs and pines in the 
growing state, — are, I think, engendered, produced, and exist by 
pine or fir-bark, both in the larva and perfectly matured state, and 
more particularly when the bark is in an advanced state of decom- 
position ; and it will be found that it is only when and where there are 
large quantities of bark-scales, which may have dropped from old trees, 
or may have been broken off from trees in the process of felling the 
timber ; or it may be from bark left upon the old stools or branches of 
a previous crop of fir or pine timber which have not been removed 
from the ground, or not had length of time to decay ; that the ravages 
of these pests have to be feared ; and if to warn is to arm," then our 
first stratagem in a war of extermination should be to cut off our 
enemies' only means of subsistence, i.e., to destroy or remove all 
decaying or decayed bark ; and wherever it is intended to plant firs or 
pines upon ground from which a crop of the same trees has, been but 



CULTIVATION-. 



13 



recently removed, the ground should be left for two or three seasons 
before being again planted, so as to allow a rank, natural herbage to 
grow up, which in the autumn previous to the ground being replanted, 
should, when in a dry condition, be set fire to and carefully burned ; 
after which, and before commencing to plant, the ground should Le 
carefully examined; and should there then remain any appreciable 
quantity of bark, either scattered upon the ground or upon the old 
stools, or' scattered fragments of the old branches,- it should all be 
carefully collected into heaps and burned, or otherwise removed from 
the ground which is to be planted with firs and pines ; for experience 
has afforded me sufficient evidence that all Wood-Beetle insects which 
are injurious to the pine tribe in the growing state, are dependent upon 
hark, not luood, for their existence ; while several of the species live 
and exist upon wood ; which species and varieties, however, are 
wood-vermin, not plant or tree enemies. After pointing out these three 
classes of insects, which includes all that the cultivator of firs and 
pines has to fear in any ordinary seasons as dangerous, I now proceed 
to the second order of our enemies, stepping from the animal to the 
vegetable kingdom. 

As in the animal, so in the vegetable kingdom we find marshalled iu 
battle array the enemies of the firs and pines ; and here they are nu- 
merically far more formidable, and in their ravages equally if not 
more destructive ; and in their natures and habits of life much 
more varied and mysterious, many of them being, in so far as 
science is concerned, in their nomenclature and classification, in a 
state of much obscurity. Although practically acquainted with their 
devastating influences upon the pine tribe, yet, I am placed in the 
humiliating, because defective, ]30sition of having to classify them as 
parasitical vegetable enemies. To serve our present purpose, however, 
we may divide them into two classes — External and Internal ; the 
former such kinds as attack or live upon the external parts of the 
trees, and the latter such species as injure with their deleterious ingre- 
dients the internal parts of the trees. 

External Parasites, then, are such species or varieties as are found 
growing upon the trunks, branches, or foliage of the pine tribe, and 
they are many ; for here I include the cryptogamic mosses and lichens, 
and a few of those mysterious organisms, the most obscure of j^ature's 
living products — the fungus tribe. Fortunately, however, for the writer, 
this numerous class of enemies, in so far as they are destructive to my 
present subjects, can be summarily put "hors de combat for, in each 



14 



PINACE^. 



and every case where firs and pines are attacked or infested by this 
class of their enemies, it will be found that one or other of the follow- 
ing causes have been in operation, and must be removed before the 
enemies can be eradicated. It may be that the trees are growing upon 
land more or less imperfectly drained, or, perchance, surcharged with 
water or stagnant moisture ; or that the trees, not being properly 
thinned, are growing too closely together upon the ground, thereby 
more or less excluding those essential requirements, light and air ; or 
there may be too much undergrowth amongst them ; and if any or all 
of these causes exist, it is only to be expected that any fir or pine, or any 
plantation, great or small, remaining under such conditions for any 
length of time, will, sooner or later, and in a more or less degree, 
get overrun and infested by these parasites. "WTierever such enemies 
are found, the land must be made sweet and healthy by efficient drain- 
age, the trees properly thinned, and the undergrowth cleared away so 
as to allow sufficient of light, heat, and air, without which no fir nor 
pine, more than man or animal, can for any length of time exist, much 
less continue to develope itself in any perfect health ; and just in the 
ratio that these essentials to health are supplied or withheld, will be 
the health or premature decay of the trees, and their consequent escape 
from, or attack by these parasitical enemies ; for wherever the pine 
tribe are in sweet and healthy soils, and are properly thinned and at- 
tended to in their cultivation in plantations, little fear need ever be 
entertained of their being attacked or infested in any appreciable 
degree by this class of their enemies. 

It is not so, however, with what I term the Internal Fnngoids, for 
here I include those curious, most eccentric and mysterious formations 
of doubtful character. Fungi^ — the lowest order of vegetable life, 
simple or compound, copulate or spontaneous they may be : some of 
them good for food, others the most deadly poisons to animal or 
vegetable : many of them, in their structure and affinity, as yet but 
imperfectly defined. Here I enter upon one of those most inviting and 
delightful, yet, dangerous paths of research and investigation into natural 
philosophy, which lead to nature's founts, to which she is constantly 
beckoning us onward, in our pursuit of knowledge under difficulties ; 
which, in passing, we may affirm with Hamlet, contain more things 
" than are dreamt of in our philosophy." Fungi ! what are they 1 where 
are they ? and from whence came they ? a triad of queries which who 
shall answer? I divine not; my own investigations, however, into 
this obscure branch of natural science, have led me to the belief that 



CULTIVATION. 



15 



Fungi are a phenomenon which was, is, and shall be coeval with matter ; 
being, in my opinion, inseparable from, and connected with the 
decay or transition from one state to another, of each and all the com- 
ponent parts of matter, whether organic or inorganic, whether animal 
or vegetable, which in their elementary nature are subject to change, 
transition, decay, or death ; and what matter is free from change '? 

" Life ends in death, death ended life renews : 
Death lives by life, yet life from death ensues : 
For all must change ; transition has no end ; 
Thus life, thus death each help to other lend." — Nelson. 

Life is a little word, but none more comprehensive ; and these 
Fungoids are but a phase of this phenomenon, so common are they as 
to be found in earth, air, and water ; in town or country, in house or 
field, in gilded-halls or mud-hovels, in cellar or larder, in kitchen or 
scullery, in sick-room or nursery, in the cradle, in the grave ; anyicliere^ 
provided that anywhere is ivhere matter is present in a transition stage, 
or decaying state. My present enterprise, however, is only to treat of 
such of them as are found ensconced in mother earth, and which are 
enemies to the firs and pines. In doing so I shall indicate preventa- 
tives rather than dictate cures. 

The ground may be in an apparently sweet and perfectly healthy 
condition, the soil and substrata may be particularly well adapted, and 
the tree provided with sufiicient heat, light, and pure air ; when some 
fine young specimen of a fir or pine, which may have recently been 
planted, will begin to show symptoms of sickness, slowly but surely 
increasing to disease, which may be terminated by premature death, 
generally bewildering us, and as generally leading to very erroneous 
conclusions as to its true cause ; for I incline to the beUef that many 
of the charges now entered in the counts of indictment against many 
of the hardy new firs and pines, such as : — " weakly constitutions," 
"healthy one season sickly the next," ^'sickly foliage," "decaying 
branches," " disease," and degeneracy," will, in not a few cases, be 
found to have been caused by their fungoid enemies, some of whicli, 
and especially when in quantity, act as deadly poison, when mixed in 
the food of the firs and pines. I know of no more fertile source of 
predisposing the soil to the production of these to the firs and pines 
noxious fungoids, than old roots of trees or shrubs. 

Whenever it is intended to plant the pine tribe upon land which has 
just been cleared of a crop of timber, it will be found the best policy 
and in the end most economic method, for the planter patiently to wait 



PINACE^. 



for a few years before replanting his gTOund, so as to allow time for tlie 
decay of ttie roots, if not the old stools of the former crop ; for half-a- 
dozen years so spent in resting the land will he gained in the first 
dozen years after, as it would he found from experience that failures 
and premature deaths were 7ul ; and the increased vigour of the 
plantation would soon surpass that of the one which might he planted 
the next season to that in which the former crop was cut and cleared. 
Where, however, the trees had not been very thick upon the ground, or 
where the object was an immediate effect from planting, or for ornament 
more than profit, then tolerably large pits might be made for the pine 
tribe ; and, in making them, picking out all the old roots of the former 
trees, in this case a larger class of plants could be used, and fewer of 
them required than when planted in the ordinary way and thick upon 
the ground. When firs and pines are to be planted in small 
quantities, or upon small areas of ground full of old roots, a good, but 
somewhat expensive process is regularly to dig and grub them out. 

Imperfectly drained land, particularly if it be naturally wet, and 
where water is allowed to accumulate and become stagnant or fetid, is 
another cause of these injurious fungoids ; and all naturally wet, spongy, 
peaty, and close and adhesive soils should be efiectively drained for at 
least one season before planting it with firs or pines. As I have 
already stated, all matter in a transitive stage or imperfectly decayed 
state j whether animal or vegetable, whether manural or stimulant ; 
is equally productive of fungoids ; knowing, then, all this, we should 
be careful in the feeding of our firs and pines, and see to it that we do 
not put them into soils or situations where they will be within reach of 
their fungoid enemies. 

Pruning is a phase of forestry where many lances have been drawn, 
and where many duels and battles have been fought, but no victories 
have as yet been won; ''prune," and prune not," have each their 
partisans and professors, their temperate and intemperate advocates 
and denouncers, theu^ reformers and conservators, with all the con- 
comitants of over-doers and under-doers, and but few who profess that 
noble virtue — moderation ; for opinion and practice seem to favour 
nothing but that dangerous vice — proneness to extremes. In the case 
of the firs and pines, however, I say, that if perfect health and sound 
timber be the objects we have in view, then I assent to *' prune not" — 
as a general rule, with its C|Uota of exceptions; which, as apphed in 
this case, are indeed few; for the only instances where pruning is 
necessary are when more than one leader may, either in a plant or 



CULTIVATION. 



17 



young tree, be formed, and compete for the mastery ; or when any of 
the horizontal or side branches are gaining such an ascendency as 
to interfere with the proper balance and deportment of the plant or 
tree ; but even in such instances I use a milder term than prune, and 
practise what I call pinchiyig, i.e., that nothing more than a branchlet 
— a one year's shoot, or a two year old branch, should ever be cut from 
a fir or pine, if it be grown solely for its timber ; for all indiscriminate 
branch-cutting of them, is neither more nor less than destructive to 
good and sound timber ; and if any fir or pine tree ever arrive at 
such a state as to require such cutting, the best remedy is to lay 
the axe or saw to its base and cut it down as a cumberer of the 
ground, and make the most of its contents ; for if it be subjected 
to such branch-cutting, it will never after produce good or valuable 
timber. 

Pruning, however, when considered in connection with decoration, 
and when the design is to obtain ornamental firs or pines, or to cultivate 
them as useful trees, irrespective of the quality of their timber when 
matured, then we have a wider scope and more cause for branch or 
limb cutting. Viewed from this point, pruning is at times not only 
pardonable but necessary, inasmuch, as it frequently happens that some 
obtruding branches may prevent us from enjoying some favourite drive, 
footpath, or view; or, that underneath the ambrosial shade of some 
majestic pine or fir we have our rustic summer-house, or out-door 
lounge, or it may be some beautiful flower, or favourite shrub; and the 
hundred and one other instances, where the fir and pine boughs are 
intruders : Must we, indeed, because such is the case, cut down our 
noble and beautiful fijs and pines ? Nay, art and beauty are now our 
study, and art rules should regulate and correct art defects; for such 
rules, when properly applied, by a practitioner who knows lioio to 
correct the disorders he prunes for, will be attended with many good and 
few injurious results to the subjects operated upon; will increase 
our pleasures, and enlarge our ideas of all that is good and beautiful in 
wild Nature, when controlled by refined art. In this, however, as in 
many other fine art works, the old proverb, a little knowledge is a 
dangerous thing," is often truthfully illustrated in the inelegant 
hacking to which ornamental firs and pines are at times subjected by 
some reckless pruner ; for, when such is the case, methinks that the 
. other collateral old adage, " ignorance is bliss," if a paradox, is no less 
an untruth. 

As a matter of course, in art culture of the firs and pines ; such as 



18 



PINACE^. 



forming hedges, grotesque forms, and plant statues ; we must be guided 
by art maxims, and trim, clip, or prune our subjects ; so here, again, 

prune not " if not untruthful, is at least untenable. Moreoyer, when 
in a young state, many of the pine tribe require, if not pruning, at 
least pinching, to regulate their early growth :— " training them up in 
the way they should grow;" and this is especially necessary in the 
case of many species of the Cedar, the Common Tir, the Common Pine, 
the Giant Fir, the Larch, and the Wax Pine ; the natural habit of all 
which is to produce continuous straight stems or trunks, unarticulate 
branches, and pyramidal or conical forms ; and frequently such kinds 
require to have some judicious pinching of their branchlets to regulate 
their growth, and correct any defects in their symmetrical construction. 
The like is the case with all plants of these kinds, which have been 
artificially propagated by grafting, layering, or by cuttings; which 
generally, in a young state, at least, retain in a more or less marked 
degreCj the flat tortuous, bent, and irregular form of a branch ; rarely 
ever at first starting with a straight continuous stem and regularly 
disposed branches ; being, in this respect, quite unlike the straight 
stemmed, regularly branched, symmetrically formed plant propa- 
gated from seed. It frequently happens that artificially propagated 
plants, of these kinds^ will, for years, persist in marching upwards by 
echelon and quarter-circles, setting at defiance all our artful modes of 
staking, trimming and pruning; and at times, particularly if bent 
oyer, and also when left alone, they will throw up a new leader from 
!;heir base, when all the then extraneous leaders, laterals, spray, and 
foliage— the produce of their former years' growths, — may be entirely 
cut off as no longer necessary. 

Eyen seedling plants at times require pinching and pruning, parti- 
cularly such species as haye a natural tendency to make early 
spring or late autumn growths, thereby liable to be injured by late 
spring or early winter frost : Such species, also, as haye a disposition 
to form more than one leader while in a young state, of which kinds 
there are many. 

In so far, then, as pruning is concerned, and when considered in 
relation to the firs and pines, it will be observed that my dictum is : — 
When sound, good, and thoroughly matured timber is desiderated, 

prune not" the tree when old, although you pinch its boughs when 
young ; and that, when we cultivate them for their beauty, as 
ornamental trees or shrubs, or for purely art purposes, then " prune ; " 
but, whenever we do so, let us not only know how to do it, but like- 



CLASSIFICATION. 19 

wise for what it is done ; and then do it well by timely pinching 
or branchlet shortening ; never, unless, indeed, the case is a desperate 
one, by limb-cntting or branch-hacking : always remember that pinching a 
sprig saves many a bough. 



CHAPTEE II. 

CLASSIFICATION. 

It is a matter of much amusement to the unsophisticated lover of 
Nature, and student of her mysteries, to observe how utterly that class 
of philosophers who would reduce the knowledge of these mysteries 
within the limits of technicalities, are bafEed or bewildered by well 
nigh insurmountable anomalies which present themselves in the details 
of nomenclature to the systems they affect to establish. 

JS'ature, undoubtedly, has bright paths of truthfulness through her 
mysterious ways, if we only could discover them ; but, in order to do 
this, laborious research is often necessary ; and, in the meanwhile, in 
this particular branch of science she refuses to be fettered by any 
erroneous fastidiousness of over-done classification: and the conse- 
quence has been that, at various periods of time, systems which 
antiquity had received and venerated, and which modern conceit had 
rejected, are, at length, as it would seem, in a great degree, reinstated 
in their pristine supremacy. 

In no department of natural science has this been more conspicu- 
ously the case than in that which is the subject of my present 
enterprise — the habits of the firs and pines. Let any intelligent reader 
take into his hands for perusal, the works of such of the ancients as 
Columella, Dioscorides, Hesiod, Homer, Pliny, Apuleus, and Yirgil ; or 
of another period, those of such men as Decandolle, Jussieu, Linnaeus, 
and Tournefort : and the botanists of our own country : and he will have 
before him a cloud of witnesses, great and notable instances of the 
correctness of what I now affirm. 

c 2 



20 



PINACEJ3. 



My present enterprise, however, is not to found a system, "but to 
form a classification ; so I leave the systems as I found them, in an 
awful disorder : having always observed that the best systems and the 
most experienced systematizers were those who dealt with ^^ature's 
vegetable products in a liberal way. I have also invariably found that 
the best, because the most careful, observers have been those whose 
vision was not clouded by the opacities of theory, and whose minds 
were not distorted by pedantry : for to hair-brained speculators and 
pedantic systematists, and the small fry who followed as their suit, — the 
species-mongers, — are we indebted for heterogeneous and gratuitous 
assumptions, and unsustained and contradictory assertions, which have 
so obscured the classification and nomenclature of the firs and pines, that 
at the present time their classification is chaos and their nomenclature 
cant. 

Finding, then, the entirety of the literary matter appertaining to my 
present subjects in such a disordered condition, I will endeavour not 
to add to these already very discordant elements by making obscurity 
still more obscure ; but confine myself to a compendium — a common- 
sense classification of them ; tolerating as much as possible of this 
chaotic confusion, and altering or putting it in order only where 
imperatively demanded alike by truth and common-sense : as the most 
convenient vehiculum the status quo admitteth of wherein for practical 
suggestions to be rendered clear and intelligible. I am hereby under 
the necessity of apprising my readers that if I seem at any time, while 
treating of the classification and nomenclature of other authors, and 
misnomers of sundry pedants, to write inconsistently with statements I 
have to make when I am dealing with the notions of others, the 
incongruity is not mine. 

As a matter of course, before we can cook our hare, we must first 
catch it ; " so, before we can classify or name our firs and pines, we 
must first secure them : therefore, to begin at the beginning of classifi- 
cation, I am, as it were, in duty bound to give at least a retrospective 
summary of the subjects to be classed j and this leads me back to their 
origin. "The origin of species" is a nice theme for theorizers ; and many 
are the nice theories which this theme has originated : but although 
many theories have already been promulgated and revealed, science has 
done and is doing much to throw light upon this complex subject ; 
yet, it cannot be denied that the whole arena of the matter is still 
enveloped in the hazy atmosphere of philosophical speculation. 

That most erudite scholar and original philosopher — Darwin, in his 



CLASSIFICATION. 



21 



elaborate and greatest speculation — The Origin Theory, of Organic 
Is'ature ; doubtless has rendered science a noble service ; yet his is 
at best but a first offering of late-fruits ; and must be sent back to 
Xature for enlargement and maturation ; for, in the gathering in of 
this growth of fruitful philosophy, much laborious research and careful 
selection of the true and primitive grains of scientific knowledge is still 
necessary, ere we can have any very definite or correct ideas upon the 
origin of Species — whether animal or vegetable. T^atural selection, 
artificial selection, or any other selection, may select, but can never 
create materials from which to select, by any known method, system, 
plan, or theory, which has yet been promulgated : for selection, if it 
means anything, means a choice of materials already extant ; whose 
origin or creation is far antecedent to, and much older than book-lore 
or geological deposits ; for these are but the history or remains of 
species, and prove nothing more than that species have prototypes, and 
prototypes varieties, to which there is no limit ; consequently we must 
go further and higher than Nature, earth, and history, nay, to a more 
eternal and Divine wisdom — ISature's Creator, man's God. His actio]is, 
if regulated by laws, or governed by axioms, are such as far transcend 
the limits of finite minds ; which have learned, are learning, and have 
yet much to learn on the origin of organic life ; this in our present 
transient state shall never be revealed to us, any more than the 
mysterious and sublime plan of Creation, of which, materially con- 
sidered, organic life is to us the most remarkable phase. This, now one 
of the most assured doctrines of revealed science, is in perfect unison 
with the Creator's Revealed Truth, inasmuch as — " faith is the substance 
of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen ; " and how 
literally true it is — that " the things which are seen are temporal, and 
only those which are not seen are eternal;" and that the — " things 
which are seen were not made of things which do appear ! " 
With such a faith, but not for the purpose of ostentation or disputa- 
tion, nor to prate and brawl in the province of the Infinite, but in all 
humility, and as a true student of Nature, do I come to wriyaL TraXaioi — 
Ancient Founts for uiformation and truth in this particular branch of 
natural philosophy, and as appertaining to the origin of Species. It is 
not, however, my purpose to enter the lists as a controversialist upon 
the antiquity of man, nor of animals ; nor vaguely to speculate upon 
the state of mother earth's surface when he or they first appeared upon 
it ; nor to refer to any of the numerous types, forms, or varieties of old 
Adam the prototype; nor to the many types of the lower animal 



22 * PINACE.^:. 

prototypes which are so wonderfully formed, and so apparently unreal, 
that it might be questioned whether they should be classed as organic 
or inorganic matter ; for amongst Conchal or Molluscous masses 
we have veritable organisms, in posse it may be, yet nevertheless in 
esse, jelly, or — if you like it — cream, pure and simple; and as it were 
minus parts, structure, or organs ; yet eventually evolving the most 
beautiful, wonderful, and mysteriously complex forms of shells ; but 
I desire to confine myself to as warranted though equally as speculative 
a subject — the antiquity and origin of Nature's vegetable organisms — 
more particularly of the Firs and Pines. 

After acquiring a practical knowledge of phytology, and taking some 
practical lessons in the school of geology, we can receive instruction, 
inferential it may be, yet none the less true, that at different epochs of 
the world's history there have been produced, and deposited in mother 
earth, the fabrics and products of many floras and arboras, and equally 
numerous in cognate genera and specific prototypes, though much 
less numerous in varieties than are extant at the present time. Geo- 
graphically and climatically considered, these genera and species are 
more or less changed from those now growing upon the same portions 
of our planet ; but this only exhibits to us one of iSlature's Xc^ic, — 
CHANGE ; for the more recent discoveries of fossilized woods all tend to 
confirm the theory that cognate genera and specific prototypes are at 
present no more numerous than they were — '^in the beginning," 
however much they may have multiplied and replenished the earth" 
with their quasi-species, varieties, and sub-varieties ; for even what in 
modern times have been discovered, classed and described as new 
genera — the existence of these, if known, had not been recorded, 
neither in ancient nor mediaeval history ; yet these supposed-to-be new 
genera can now be referred to their veritable prototypes in the different 
geological stratas ; and, more remarkable still, some of these gigantic 
firs and pines, which have recently been discovered in north-western 
regions, the very Anakims of the vegetable kingdom, are now being 
excavated from the inner crusts of mother earth as fossilized wood ; 
yes 1 the veritable lignine of the said-to-be new tree, Gigantahies, 
Sequoia " — of most authors, (Tlie Giant or Mammoth Fir,) has been but 
recently found in the fossil beds of tlie Britiiih Isles. We are now able to 
classify these vegetable fossils into four or five distinct and successive 
floras analogous to the kindred faunas ; and how gigantic and profuse 
the ferns, lycopods and foliar products of the coal-formations ! how 
much more carbonaceous their food, how much hotter their habitat ! 



CLASSIFICATION. 



23 



if when growing they grew in these islands ! and who, I again ask, can 
prove that they did not ] 

In the tertiary strata we have more familiar prototypes, though here 
again indicating more or less marked difference from the distinguish- 
ing characteristics of our present extant cognate genera or specific 
prototypes ; showing clearly enough the long, long interval of time, 
and the wonderful change wliich must have taken place in that epoch 
which includes the so-called glacial period : yet most unmistakably 
proving that firs and pines were then the predominating forest groTvi;hs ; 
and likewise demonstrating the fact that each and all of our present 
prototypes of the firs and pines were then extant ; and that none are 
now extant but which then were ; though then and now their native 
habitats both geographically and climatically are much changed. More- 
over, these fossilized lignines go still further in support of this theory ; 
for I might refer to such as are now found in our own and other 
temperate climates of the globe ; for instance, where iron, bronze, and 
stone implements are found, thence inferentially successive races of 
men ; we have here again the same idea fully illustrated, and the same 
theory confirmed; for in the lower or stone strata Pinaceae is pre- 
dominate ; in the bronze, again, old Quercus was monarch of the 
woods ; while in the iron, foliar Fagus was forest queen. These facts, 
though more pertaining to northern latitudes and temperate climates, 
are now beginning to be as strikingly illustrated and as corrobora- 
tively demonstrated in southern latitudes and hotter climes ; and 
as science becomes more practical, as she must inevitably become 
in her onward progress ; our knowledge, ancient and modern, of the 
firs and pines, our views of the origin of species, our ideas upon soil, 
altitude, and climate, our modes of introduction and cultivation, and, 
more particularly, our classification and nomenclature of them will, in 
that happy and good time coming, have to undergo great changes ; for 
all things must change; transition has no end : hence the great and 
wonderful variety of organic life : of which instances innumerable might 
be noted ; but let one suffice ; and let that one be one of my proto- 
types of the genus Pinus ; and let the species be strohus ; and how if 
it, we may ask, that of this species we have so many quasi-species 
varieties, and sub-varieties ; yet, each and all of them recognisable a1 
first sight ; but in all this variety, increasing in degree, however 
precise or appreciable it may be, we have only variety in size, form, 
and colour of foliage or cone ; — variety within the bounds of law ; 
whatever may be our ideas of its relationship, or however we may 



24 



PINACEJE. 



speculate upon its nature or cause, we shall never more fully explain 
this inexplicable fact than ^sTature has explained it — that it is one of 
her axioms to produce variety ; and that with her there is no such 
phrase as hond fide reversion to all the minute characteristics of the 
parent, though the well-marked and distinct character of the prototype 
is invariably retained ; while each race and succeeding race are only so 
many individual races ; each individual of which is only an individual 
form or variety of the parent quasi-species : all of them, however they 
may differ in degree, are but so many forms or varieties of the proto- 
type. After what I have already indicated it wouM be superfluous to 
enter upon the discussion of such propositions as : — "Species, race, 
variety," " species, variety, race," or " species, varieties, races, species j " 
which might or might not be very amusing, but certainly such a dis- 
cussion would not be very edifying or profitable ; inasmuch as I have 
already indicated, if not disposed of, the pro and con of all such 
theoretical propositions. 

Having now then, secured our firs and pines ; and having taken 
our retrospective summary of our subjects; I proceed to classify them 
according to my theory of common sense. Most authors and writers 
of modern times treat of the firs and pines as an order, class, or 
cognate family of plants under the generic title of Coniferse ; which 
term, however, as will be seen from the sequel, is quite untenable ; 
being, as it is, when appHed to all of them half true and half false. 
That the firs and pines are a cognate family cannot be gainsaid ; but 
their natural affinities consist not in their cones, nor have they any 
true and close affinity in their foliage, flowers, and fruit ; they are, 
however, somewhat related in flowers and foliage : and still more so in 
their structure fabrics ; building up, as it were, their timber in con- 
centric layers, which are annually added with some degree of regularity, 
and which can ever after be recognized in the mature or aged tree ; and 
from which in most cases we can approximate the age of a tree 
when felled ; but even here we again encounter variety ; for some of 
those species which are remarkable in making several and successive 
growths in one season will, when cut, show more concentric rings than 
they have years in age ; amongst which kinds are both of the species 
of Gigantabies. These concentric ring- growths are also very variable in 
thickness, not only in different species, but, likewise, in different trees 
of the same species j and, moreover, are still more variable on different 
sides of the same tree. Again, it will frequently be found that a tree 
may have grown very rapidly for a series of years, and then very 



CLASSIFICATION. 



25 



slowly for another series ; and, not unfrequently, that it may have 
repeated these serial changes during its life. In their continuous 
stems and inarticulate branches, as well as in their foliage, flowers, 
circular disks, and ligneous tissues, they are more or less related ; yet, 
here again, we find variety j inasmuch as in Symmorphapitece we have 
sarmentaceous or arborescent shrubs, with jointed or articulate branches, 
so that in each and all of these characteristics we have no true affinity 
amongst them universally prevalent, although in many cases these 
differences are more apparent than real ; yet, in some cases, there are 
such marked differences that neither Ahietinece nor Coniferce are truth- 
ful or tenable as generic titles for all the species of the firs and pines. 
I must come, therefore, to a closer relationship, though it may not 
be a botanical one ; and that is their consanguinity, or blood-relation- 
ship, if I may accommodate such a phrase : and here we have more real 
affinity than in any of their other botanical characteristics ; inasmuch 
as in their sap or resinous juice they are each and all more or less 
closely related ; and, this being so, I select, in preference to any other 
word, name, or term, PIISTACE^ for the generic title, or grand family 
name, of one and all of the very numerous and dissimilar, fat and 
sappy, rich and resinous firs and pines ; which are in truth a cognate 
family of I^Tature's vegetable kingdom. 

Having now got my family and selected my title, I must, as a 
matter of course, give my reason why I select it, and that is that, 
genealogically considered, both my family and their title are, at least, as 
old as the days when Adam was on earth ; yes, I have searched Time's 
literary archives, and the heraldry of all nations ! and have found that 
whatever their language, whether composed of letters, monograms, 
signs, or symbols; whatever their phraseology, whether literal, figura- 
tive, or hieroglyphic ; from the earliest to the latest ages of the world's 
history, the little syllables pi, pin, or ping ; (the i long,) has been 
used, though somewhat indiscriminately, to represent or signify rich- 
ness or resinous. In the old Sanscrit we have it pure and simple : 
the root pi, pinguescere, (to grow fat,) is in the participle passive 
i^t^f I>ina, (fat.) Again, in the word ^t^"^ pivara, (fat or resinous,) 
or (by the p being equivalent to/, and the v equivalent to u,) fiur, 
we arrive at our own term Fir. In my most cherished language, — 
the Greek, we have Triap, (the i long,) piar, (fat or fatness ; ) convert, 
again, the p to /, and it is Em. Hence, too, their ttltvq, pitys, a pine 
tree. In the Hebrew we find T]iy^% pimuh^ (coUops of fat,) Job xv, 



26 



PINACEJE. 



27; and pannag, Ezek. xxvii, 17 ; wluch word our translators 
have retained; wMcli some interpret to mean sweet rich, cakes;" 
others rich odoriferous balsam;" and both are, doubtless, correct; 
for we well know that from pine nuts they bake^ "cakes," and 
from pine juice made ^^balm," and their sacred incense," and 

sweet smelling savours." Some say it means "milk," and that it 
was the name of the lactescent juice of the India-rubber tree. In 
our own familiar and highly-appreciated English pie we have the very 
word itself ; for who amongst us does not know that a good pie is a 
good thing, being as it is, or ought to be, a condiment of savory viands 
under a rich crust ? See we not the same idea in our word pith f yes, 
and in pig^ for its fatness ? 

Technicalities used in the Classification and JSTomenclaturb. 

S.D., (Sub-Division.) A cognate family containing few or many 
specifically distinct species, and of these there may be few, or many 
quasi-specieSy varieties, and sub-varieties. 

Section, I use as a group of a S.D, having numerous and dissimilar 
s-peciesj and which are arranged in sections having some peculiarity or 
other, as distinguishing one section from another in the S.D. to which 
they belong. Sub- Section I use after the same manner as section. 

Prototype, wherever used, is to be understood as signifying the 
most distinct species of the S.D. to which it belongs; and that other 
q^di^i-species of the same S.D. have more or less resemblance to it ; 
for instance, in Larix, the European species is my prototype ; while if 
there be many species in sl S.D. I may adopt one, two, three, or more 
prototypes : as in Pinus I select Strobus, Sylvestris, Corsica, Pinaster, 
Pinea, etc., as prototypes. 

Species, as a specifically distinct tree or plant, having one or more 
well marked and constant characteristics, distinguishing it from the 
other species of a S. D. ; and which reproduces itself true from seed. 

Quasi-Species, a kind more or less related to some other more dis- 
tinct species than itself in the same S.D. ; and although not a true 
species, yet, as it generally reproduces itself more or less true from seed, 
it is more than a variety : hence the name quasi-species. 

Yariety, a form of some true or quasi-species, which, in its dis- 
tinguishing characteristics, generally reverts to the species, and not to 
its parent, when reproduced from seed. 

Sub- Variety, a more or less altered form of a variety ; which, again, 
in a greater or less degree, will revert to the true or quasi-species; more 
than to its own parent when reproduced from seed. 



CLASSIFICATION. 



27 



AEEANGEMENT. 



PINACE^. 

Division I. — CONIFKR^. — Cone-bearing Firs and Pines. 
Division II. — Baggifer^. — Berry and Fruit-bearing Pines. 

CONIFERS. 

S.D. L— AbIETINE^.— The Fir Tribe. 

§ 1. Intermedia. — The Intermediate Fir. 
§ 2. Pieea.— The Pitch or Silver Fir. 
§ 3. Vera. — The True or Spruce Fir. 
S.D. IL— Cedrus.— The Cedar. 
S.D. III— CUPRESSINE^.-- -The Cypress Tribe. 

§ 1. — Actinostrobeae. — The Eayed-scaled Cypress. 
Sub. § 1. — OcTOVALVUS. — Eight-valved. 
Sub. § 2. — Sexavalvus. — Six-valved. 
Sub. § 3. — QuARTOVALvus. — Four-valved. 
§ 2. — Arthrotaxis. — The Jointed-branched Cypress. 
§ 3. — Cryptomeria. — The Cedar-like Cypress. 
§ 4. — Gupresstellata. — The Star-coned Cypress. 
§ 5. — Cuprespinnata. — The Feathery-sprayed Cypress. 
§ 6. — Thuriferae. — The Arbor Yitse. 
Sub. § 1.— Biota.— The Oriental. 
Sub. § 2. — LiBOCEDRUS. — The very Fragrant. 
Sub. § 3.— Thuja.— The Occidental. 
§ 7. — Verse. — The True Cypress. 

Sub. § 1. — Cham^cyparis. — The Ground Cypress. 
Sub. § 2. — CuPRESSUs. — The Prototype. 
Sub. § 3. — Eetinospora. — Eesinous-seeded. 
S.D. IV. — GiGANTABIES. — The Giant or Mammoth Fir. 
S.D. T.— Larix.— The Larch Fir. 
S.D. VI. — PlNGUEGER^. — The Wax-like Pine Tribe. 
§ 1. — Araucaria. — The Araucarian. 
§ 2. — Dammara. — ^The Indian. 
§ 3. — Baxopitys. — The Eacem-flowered. 
§ 4. — Sciadopitys. — The Shade or Umbrella-Like. 
S.D. VIL— PiNUS.— The Pine. 



28 



PINACEiE. 



BACCIFER^. 

S.D. L— DaCRYDIUM,— The Gum-exuding Pine. 
S.D. IL— JUNIPERINE-^. — The Juniper Tribe. 

§ 1. — Cupressoides. — The Cypress-like. 

§ 2. — Oxycedrus. — The Prickly Cedar. 

§ 3. — Sabinoides. — The Savin-like. 
S.D. III— PODOGARPE^.— The Pruit Poot-stalked Pine Tribe. 

§ 1. — Calophyllus. — The Beautiful-leaved. 

§ 2. — Stachycarpus. — The Spike-fruited. 
S.D. lY— SyMMORPHAPITE^. — The Allied Pine Tribe. 

§ 1. — Ch86tocladus. — The Bristle-like Branched. 

§ 2. — Phyllocladus. — The Leaf-Hke Branched. 

§ 3. — Pterophyllus. — The Peather-like Leaved. 

v.— TaXINE-^.— The Yew Tribe. 

§ 1. — Cephalotaxus. — The Cluster-flowered. 

§ 2. — Foetataxus. — The Strong Odored. 

§ 3. — Squamataxus. — The Scale-fruited. 

§ 4. — Verataxus. — The True or Prototype. 



CHAPTEE III. 

division one. 
Conifers. 

Flowers. These are what are termed catkins, and are of the two 
sexes, male and female ; the males are the floral organs which produce 
the pollen dust or fecundating powder, and after having performed 
their functions fade and disappear; the females have no petals or 
bloom-leaves, as in other more perfectly formed flowers, being minus 
pericarpal adornments, and composed of naked ovules or embryo-scales ; 
vdiich, after receiving the pollen dust from the male catkins, become 
fertile, and begin to grow, gradually developing themselves until the 
cone and its seeds are perfectly matured ; so that the female flowers 
may in truth be termed the embryo or premature cones : in some of the 



CONIFERS. 



29 



species the flowers are together, and in some they are separate ; while 
in most of them they are upon the same plant but separate ; and in 
others they are upon separate plants or trees. 

Leaves. These are generally single or in sheaths and bundles, and 
very variable in the number of them in a sheath ; some have two, 
some three, some five ; while at times seven, nine, and more leaves are 
found in a sheath ; and in those which have their leaves in bundles 
the same variableness is present ; for the number in a bundle may 
range from six to sixty ; and even in some of these bundle-leaved 
species the leaves are disposed singly upon the young shoots ; and 
although botanists take the disposition of their leaves as one of their 
distinguishing characteristics ; yet it is one of their most inconstant ones. 
In some genera the leaves are more like scales than foliage ; closely in- 
laying or imbricated along the shoots or stems. They are also very 
various in size, ranging from one eighth of an inch to one-and-a-half 
feet in length ; variously disposed upon the branches — alternate, 
drooping, erect, four-rowed, opposite, scattered, spiral, solitary, spread- 
ing, three-rowed, two-rowed, and in whorls. They are also very 
various in form — blunt-pointed, curved, cylindrical, flat, four-sided, 
lanceolate, linear, needle-shaped, three-sided, two-sided, and petiolate 
and non-petiolate : various in texture — hard, leathery, rough, rigid, 
smooth, pliant, and glaucous and non-glaucous. Generally, they are 
perennial or evergreen ; yet, in some of the genera and species annual 
or deciduous. 

Cones. These are from one-eighth of an inch to one-and-a-half feet 
in length, and from one-eighth of an inch to nine inches broad ; vari- 
ously formed : — elliptical, egg-shaped, cylindrical, round, rhomboid, 
and star-Hke : all more or less numerously scaled, valved, and seeded ; 
and all more or less Hgneous on their exteriors or surfaces. The seeds 
are also of various formations, and of various sizes ; some winged, some 
wingless, generally single, two, three, five, and seven ; but rarely more 
numerous under each scale ; generally the seeds have farinaceous 
albuminous kernels, not a few of which are of large size, and good for 
and used as food. 

S.D. L Abiktine^ : The Fir. 

The ancient and classic name Abies is a term of which no certain 
origin or root derivation can be aflirmed ; yet, the Hebraic roots, 
Ab, and "^3^^ Abi, signifying greenness, in the Latin Yulgate 
virentia ; and, again, the Greek awios " a pear," are each appropriate 



30 



PINACEJE. 



enougli, inasmuch as truthfully representing its greenness and pyramidal 
form ; for what tree more green and conical than the fir? There is, 
however, not only great diversity of opinion about this name, but equally 
great confusion in its application ; and still more error prevalent respect- 
ing the specific qualities and quantities of the very numerous and variable 
species, quasi-species, varieties, and sub- varieties of this S.D. The 
ancients called the Silver Fir Abies, and the Spruce Fir Picea ; as 
witness Pliny^s Picea (our Yera,) he distinguishing it in description 
by the terms tonsili faciliata ; a veritable fact when applied to the 
Spruce Fir, but the very reverse when applied to the Silver Fir; 
which latter will not endure with impunity to be clipped and shorn 
into hedges or other grotesque forms. Linnaeus, again, reversed the 
names, hence much of the present confusion in their nomenclature. 

§ 1. Intermedia: The Intermediate Firs. 

In this section I include those kinds which are, as it were interme- 
diate, inasmuch as they difter in one or more of their permanent and 
distinguishing characteristics from Picea and Vera. Their Flowers 
are, like those of their congeners, male and female, and on the same 
plant or tree, but separate; so the botanists call them monoecious 
inasmuch, as though the floral organs or catkins are of the two sexes, 
yet, the plants and trees properly speaking are not so. Their Leaves 
are flat, more or less two-rowed, and more or less glaucous and silvery 
on their under surface ; agreeing with Picea and difi'ering from Vera. 
Their Cones are pendulous, and their seeds small ; agreeing with Vera 
and differing from Picea. In their resinous juices, and likewise in 
their ligneous tissues, they also differ in a more or less marked degree 
from those of the species comprising our second and third section of 
Ahietinece. The beautiful Hemlock Spruce, Abies Canadensis, 
and the majestic and valuable Columbian Fir, Abies Douglasii, are my 
prototypes in this section. 

Abies Canadensis : The Canadian or Hemlock Spruce Fir. 

Leaves. These are solitary, flat, blunt-pointed, and from one-half to 
one inch long, and nearly one line broad ; rough margined, when first 
formed somewhat downy, and more or less irregularly disposed in two 

*Uhland's fantasy, as translated from the German, by the Rey. Waller W. 
Skeat, late F.C.C.C., is indeed very beautiful : — 

O fir tree, thy rejoicing spray 
Throughout the year is green ; 
Like thee, my love for many a day 
Hath fresh and hopeful been. 



CONIFER.^. 



81 



rows on the brancli stems : bright, vivid green above, and silvery 
green banded below. 

Cones, these are from one-half to one inch long, and from one- 
quarter to one-half inch broad ; pendulous, generally on the tips of the 
branches ; oval in shape ; when young they are green in colour, chang- 
ing to a greenish brown as they arrive at maturity : the scales are 
entire edged, smooth and rounded, and from one-and-a-half to two-and- 
a-half dozen to each cone ; the seeds are small and light brown in 
colour, and are furnished with a wing appendage about a quarter of an 
inch long, which is yellowish-white in colour. 

Branches, these are slender, numerous, spreading, flat, and when 
young somewhat downy; the bark when young is smooth and 
yellowish-green, changing to a yellowish-brown when old, and when 
thoroughly matured it assumes an ashy brown colour. 

Tree, bushy-headed, uniform stemmed, and attaining heights of 
from fifty to one hundred feet. 

It was introduced from America about 1736. It is perfectly hardy, of 
slow growth ; it dislikes dry soils, and luxuriates in sweet moist earth 
and a sheltered situation ; and will never succeed in localities where a 
smoky or impure atmosphere prevails ; its timber when compared with 
some of its congeners is very inferior ; but its bark contains a greater per- 
centage of tannin than any firs I have yet examined. It has no claims 
to entitle it to be classed as a profitable timber tree ; but its rich silvery 
green foliage, its pendent plum-like branches, and its graceful form 
and habit of growth, place it in the first rank as an ornamental one. 

Its Quasi-species are : — 

Albertiana : Prince Albert*s Californian Hemlock Spruce. 

This kind, in none of its distinguishing botanicad characteristics difiers 
in any appreciable degree from the prototype ; but, practically con- 
sidered, it is a much better plant, inasmuch as it is better constitution ed ; 
consequently a better grower, and less fastidious as to soil, situation, or 
shelter ; and will doubtless prove equally beautiful, and a much 
more useful tree in this country than the common or Canadian kind. 

Brunoniana : The Indian Hemlock Spruce. 

This has larger and more sparse foliage, and is much more capricious, and 
delicate than the prototype; and of but little if any use in this country. 

Hookeriana: Hooker's; and Mertensiana ; Mertens's Hemlock 
Spruce Firs. 

As sometimes found in catalogues and collections ; are, at best, but 
very slightly altered forms, or sub-varieties of Prince Albert's Californian 
Hemlock Spruce. 



32 



PINACE^. 



Tsuja: The Yew-leaved Chinese Hemlock Spruce. 

This is merely a diminutive depapurated form of the prototype. 

Of the varieties and sub-varieties of the Hemlock Spruce, the only 
ones worth notice or cultivating are Argentea, the silver variegated, 
Aurea, the golden variegated, Gracilis^ the slender branched, Micro- 
jyhylla the small leaved, and Nana, the dwarf. 

Abies DoUGLASII : Douglas's Columbian Fir. 

Leaves. These are flat, entire, linear, and from one to two inches 
long, and from one-half to one line broad, generally more or less blunt- 
pointed, exceptionally sharp-pointed; bright glossy green above, and 
generally lighter green, with a silvery band on each side of the mid- 
rib on their under surface, on the young shoots, and when first formed, 
the leaves are disposed more or less spirally all round the stems ; but as 
they increase in age and become adult branches, the leaves then become 
more or less irregularly arranged in two horizontal rows. 

Cones. These are from two to six inches long, and from one to two 
inches in diameter, ovate or oblong in form, generally pendent, irregu- 
larly disposed, generally solitary, frequently in pairs, sometimes in 
threes, fives, or sevens, more or less clustered together, occasionally in 
gregarious clusters of six, five of which may be pendent, and the 
remaining one on the upper side of the shoot, lying flat and straight 
along the branch-stem, with its apex pointing to the tip of the shoot ; 
but, however disposed, each cone has its own individual footstalk, and 
the cones will generally be found upon the upper branches at or near 
their extremities ; they are at first pea-green in colour, rarely greenish- 
purple, changing to yellowish-brown as they arrive at maturity. The 
scales are irregular in number, imbricated, concave, rounded, and 
although persistent, yet loosely disposed on the base of the cone or 
centre stem. The bracteas are long, and project and overlay the scales, 
trident-pointed — the centre tooth or prong much the longest, narrowest, 
and most pointed, the two side or outer ones being equal in size and 
broader. These bracts give the cone a feathery appearance : the seeds 
are comparatively small, and their wing appendage about a quarter of 
an inch long. This fir is quite remarkable in its tendency to produce 
cones which in size, shape, scales, bracts, seed-shells, and wings, are 
perfectly formed, yet, abortive or non-seeded, both in young plants 
and old trees ; doubtless this arises from imperfect impregnation, and 
when quality and quantity of seed is desiderated, we should im- 
pregnate the female organs with the pollen dust from the male catkins. 

Branches, these are numerous and irregularly disposed, generally 



COXIFEE,E. 



33 



spreading horizontally, mostly ascending, though at their extremities 
more or less recurved and pendent. The branchlets are also numerous, 
long, and slender, and generally somewhat irregularly disposed in two 
rows on the branches, and also more or less recurved and drooping, par- 
ticularly when young, giving the branches a twiggy appearance and 
flat form. The buds are, compared with the length of the annual 
shoots, few and distant, irregularly disposed along the shoots, and 
most numerous near the tops, the tip or point bud being the largest, 
and all 6f them somewhat oval in form, bluntly pointed, covered with 
fringed scales of a brownish colour, and comparatively non-resinous. 

Bark, this when young is yellowish -green in colour, and surcharged 
with resinous juice ; when old and matured, rough and rugged, and 
greyish, or ashy-brown coloured, and upon aged trees it is comparatively 
very thick, being from six to twelve inches in diameter. 

In this fir we have combined utility and beauty, gigantic stature and 
perfect symmetry, graceful form and pleasing colour, varying from light 
to dark, and making its changes through all the shades and tints of 
verdant green, as spring, summer, autumn, and winter in turn complete 
the year. 

This fir was discovered by and named after Douglas, the persevering 
explorer and plant-collector, who from the north-west sent home so 
many of these noble trees which now adorn our landscape ; and this 
majestic fir will perpetuate his name to future ages, for he well de- 
serves to be remembered : He it was who surrounded by danger on every 
side, and amid the most exciting scenes noted such notes in his journal 
as : — Xew or strange things seldom fail to make great impressions, 
and we are often at first liable to overrate them," again, — "lest I should 
never see my friends to tell them verbally, of these most beautiful and 
immensely large trees." Poor Douglas seems in this paragraph to have 
anticipated his fate, for his untimely death, and melancholy end in a 
buffalo-pit in the far west, prevented him from ever " seeing his friends 
to tell them verbally of these trees." 

This fir is one of the most distinct, beautiful, and valuable ever 
introduced into Britain. It is thoroughly hardy, sound in constitution, 
of large dimensions, and very rapid in its growth ; not particularly 
fastidious as to soil or situation, provided always the soil be in a sweet 
and healthy condition, and the sub-soil cool and porous ; for even now 
we have it growing, nay luxuriating, alike in the forests and parks of 
England, in the alluvial vales and humid clime of Hibernia, in the 
romantic glens and mountain dells of old Scotland, and in the debris 

D 



84 



PINACEiE. 



of the slate rocks of Wales ; and in its native habitats in the north- 
west it is equally as accommodating, for it is to be found on the 
highest peaks of the Eocky Mountains, a knarled bush about a yard 
high, while along the river's banks, and in the Columbian valleys, and 
at the mountain bases, it produces trunks of timber two hundred feet 
in length and ten feet in diameter at base : but much larger logs have 
been obtained from it when grown under very favourable conditions, 
for the tree from which the specimens of its wood were exhibited at 
our International Exhibition (1862,) in the British Columbian Court, 
was over three hundred feet in height ; and, judging from its concentric 
ring-growths, its age was computed as approximating to a dozen-and-a- 
half score years. Amongst the specimens shown of its converted 
timber were a six feet diameter of a horizontal section, as sound at its 
circumference as at its centre; the heavy planks, quartering, and 
flooring, were, indeed, admirable examples of valuable timber ; and 
the split pales and shingles most clearly proved the fact, that for ease 
in splitting, freedom from loss in the process, and less loss of strength 
in proportion to the dimensions split, if for such a purpose it has equals, 
it has indeed but few superiors. In common parlance it may be said to 
rend like a ribbon ; and this everyone engaged in the growth of timber, 
and more particularly those who have to convert it, will admit is a 
most valuable quality in a good and generally useful wood. 

Its timber may truly be termed first class, A 1 ; being, as it is, fine- 
grained, elastic, heavy, strong, free from knots, easily wrought, and 
capable of receiving a high polish ; not very resinous, yet, very durable, 
not subject to warp or splinter, and its only defect is that in trees 
which may be felled ere they have become aged and thoroughly matured, 
or have stopped growing, as we phrase it, it will be found that about one- 
third of its outer or circumference wood is more white, porous, and tough, 
and consequently less durable ; while about two-thirds of its diameter, 
the centre or spine wood, is reddish in colour and most excellent in 
quality. Our best recommendation of this fir is to state the fact that 
we are now cultivating and planting it in thousands annually, as a 
general forest tree ; confident it will never disappoint us, although the 
opinion we have formed of it is indeed a high one. As an ornamental 
tree it only requires to be seen to be appreciated, and much more 
extensively planted, both for use and beauty, whether for profit or 
pleasure. 

The species-mongers have not been able to manufacture a new 
species from this specifically distinct fir, although we have many 



CONIFERS. 



35 



tolerably well marked and distinct varieties of it, some of which, for 
purely ornamental purposes, deserve notice but the only forms of it 
which I have seen, or which we possess worthy of commendation, are 
Fastigiata, Gregiana, Pendula, Siandtshiana, Taxi/olia, by some 
called Drummondii^ and Variegata. 

Before leaving this, my intermediate Section of the S.D. Ahietineoe^ I 
have to notice : — 

Abies AlcOQUIANA: Alcock's Chinese Spruce Fir. 

This, Said to be new species, from what I have seen of it I term a 
nondescript, and, doubtless, a manufactured article of John Chinaman, 
from I^ature's staples, — Abies Excelsa^ and Picea Pedinata ; entitled 
to be classed as a quasi-species, until time and experience prove to 
us what it is ; my present opinion of it, however, is, that it may 
be a botanical curiosity, but it certainly is not a new species of fir. I 
place it here, inasmuch as it seems to be as consonant to this, as 
to either of the other two sections of Ahietinece. 

Abies MicROSPERMA: Small-seeded Spruce. 

This I term a small-seeded form of the aforesaid Abies Alcoquiana : 
Both of them sufficiently hardy for our climate. 

§ 2. Picea: The Pitch or Silver Firs. 

Flowers. Male and female on the same plant, but separate. 

Leaves, flat, solitary, from one-half to two inches long; rich 
dark green in colour, and on each side the mid-rib on their under 
surface they have a conspicuous silvery band ; generally blunt-pointed, 
some sharp and dagger-like, others have their leaves two-clift or divi- 
ded at the points ; they are generally somewhat irregularly disposed in 
two rows, some alternate, some scattered, some more or less four-rowed, 
some spirally disposed all round the shoots ; persistent and perennial. 

Cones. Generally large, ranging from two to seven inches in length, 
and from one to four inches in diameter; generally more or less 
cylindrical in form, some egg-shaped, some oblong, some oval, and all 
more or less blunt-pointed ; generally erect or nearly so ; the scales are 
comparatively thin and deciduous, and the bracts in some species are 
larger and in others smaller than the scales, at first generally green, 
changing to a brownish-purple as they arrive at maturity ; the seeds 
are large and pitchy, as are also all the component parts of the tree ; 
hence the name. 

Amongst the Silver Firs are to be found some of the most noble, 
majestic, symmetrical, and truly beautiful productions of the vegetable 
kingdom. 

D 2 



36 



The seulptors may ply their chisels, the painters their pencils, the 
literati their pens, or the poets sing to us their laudatory strains ; but 
all their statues, paintings, portraitures, or laudations, are at best finite 
arts, and can no more give us a perfect representation of a perfect 
specimen of such a tree as Picea NobiUs—fhe ^sToble Silver Fir — than 
they can transfer to stone, canvas, or paper the transient and trans- 
forming glistening silvery dew-drops of early morn ere they amalgamate 
with the adjacent atmosphere and superincumbent earth, losing their 
globules each the other in, while the sun, in his transcendent glory, is 
preparing to mark our diurnal meridian on the dial of time. A 
thing of beauty is a joy for ever however true the fantasy may be, 
no less true is the fact, that beauty and quality, or use and adornment, are 
respectively very different things ; for so it happens that in this 
section of the firs we have an assemblage all beautiful, and that in the 
very highest degree ; yet, few of them can lay claim to even second- 
class certificates as profitable timber trees. 

It will be observed, from what I have already stated, that the chief 
value of the Silver Firs in this country is their beauty and usefulness 
as ornamental trees ; yet some of them, as will be seen from the sequel, 
produce tolerably good wood ; and, irrespective of their utility as 
decorators, we should cultivate them on a more or less extended scale 
for their timber. All of them require a good deep soil, and a more or 
less sheltered situation fully to develop themselves ; but in most ordi- 
nary soils they will do tolerably well, and will invariably produce 
better quality though less quantity of timber when on high altitudes 
and in poor soils, than when in low-lying situations and good soils 
where their beauty and dimensions would be greater, and their timber 
inferior. Almost all of them are sufiiciently hardy for our climate, and 
grow freely, particularly in a young state, and after having established 
themselves in the soil. For all kinds of ornamental planting they are, 
indeed, well adapted ; bat all the most distinct and beautiful kinds 
will be specially noticed, and all the less distinct and similar kinds 
referred to the species to which they are allied. 

PiCEA AmabILIS : The Lovely Silver Fir. 

This is a Californian kind, varying from 150 to 250 feet in height; 
with flat linear leaves about an inch long, irregularly but densely two- 
rowed, bright green above, and glaucous below ; and cones about six inches 
long and from two to three inches broad. A beautiful hardy kind; but 
vastly inferior to its "Queen" Nobilis; and whoever may possess the 
I^oble Silver Fir needs care but little for the Lovely Silver Fir; unless, 



CONIFER.E. 



37 



indeed, tliey must needs have more variety. There is of this again an 
altered form called Magnifica or Rohusta. 

Pick A ApOLLINIS : The Silver Fir of Apollo. 

This is a sportive-foliaged, smooth-barked, small-sized, quasi form 
of the beautiful Pinsapo ; hardy and useful enough for adding 
variety to a pinetum. 

PiGEA BalSAME A The Balm of Gilead Fir. 

This is a Xorth American, and the prototype of the Dwarf Silver 
Firs; attaining heights of from twenty-five to thirty feet, with leaves 
from half to one inch long, entire, spreading, solitary, scattered on the 
leading shoots, and more or less irregularly two-rowed on the laterals, 
green above and silvery below. The cones are from three to four inches 
long, and from one to two inches broad, greenish purple when young, 
when matured violet jDurple ; the seeds are very small and large winged. 

This is a useful little tree, hardy, compact-growing, and well adapted 
for planting where small sized ornamental trees are desired. There 
are the following varieties of it: — ^rei;^/oZ^ a, (short-leaved,) Longifolia, 
(long-leaved,) Nana or Fraseri, (the Dwarf, and of this there is again 
a sub- variety, Hudsonica, scarcely ever growing more than a yard 
high,) and Variegata, (the variegated.) 

Pice A Bragteata: Leafy-Bracted Silver Fir. 

This is another Calif ornian, partaking somewhat of the nature of its 
congener Nobilis, (though a much less beautiful tree,) and of that of the 
common kind Pecthiata; it attains heights of from eighty to one hundred 
and twenty feet with a straight slender trunk ; with leaves from two 
to three inches long, and cones from three to four inches long, and two 
inches broad ; generally in clusters. It is tolerably hardy, but particular 
as to soil and situation, and predisposed to start growing early, conse- 
quently frequently injured from spring frost. Wherever it is desired 
to plant it in a pinetum in this country, it should have a northern 
rather than a southern aspect assigned to it. 

PiGEA CepHALONIGA: Mount Enos Fir. 

This is the Greek form of the Pinsapo Silver Fir ; an alter ego ; — 
having larger leaves and more conspicuous silvery bands on their under 
face ; more prominent buds, with the branches less liberally clothed with 
foliage, and more fastidious as to soil and situation, early in its growth, and 
consequent injury in our climate ; and whoever may have Ficea Finsapo, 
requires not Ficea Ceplialonica^ unless indeed for variety, for it is but 
a quasi- species of that most distinct and lovely Silver Fir. 

PiGEA CiligICA: The Cilician Silver Fir. 



S8 



A slightly altered form of the prototype — Pedinata; which has, douht^ 
less, been caused by the climate and soil of Asia Minor. It is found 
plentifully on the Taurian mountain chains, and has been again and 
again introduced into this country as a new species. This Fir is 
the Cliadsura " (green and white fir,) of the Mongolians ; and the 
^' Tcliugatskoy^^ (strong- scented fir,) of the Eussians. It is perfectly 
hardy, and useful enough as a variety in a pinetum. 
Pice A Firma : The Japan Silver Fir. 

This again is only an altered form of the prototype Pectinafa ; and 
somewhat related to the Himalayan kind, Wehhiana ; and doubtless the 
Orientals had their Silver Firs from the Hindoos, for Bifida^ Fortuni, 
and Homolepis indicate the same origin ; and the same might be said of 
Veitchij although I place it as a small-coned variety, it may prove to be 
a quasi-species, of Pedinata : but all the differences in Firma, Bifida^ 
Fortuniy and Homolepis are at best but hairs, and even then we would 
have to split them, and use the microscope to determine the degree of 
variation in size or form of leaf or cone. Be this as it may, time and 
experience will hereafter prove that these said to be four species are at 
best but four inferior constitutioned quasi-species, or, more probably, 
varieties of the common Silver Fir. 

PiGEA GraNDIS : The Great or Grand Silver Fir. 

In this we have something to talk about and admire ; an appreciable 
reality, a species if not a prototype of the Silver Firs. 

Leavesj variable in size and disposition, somewhat irregularly 
arranged in two horizontal rows, on each side the branch stems ; the 
upper tier ones from half to one inch long, the lower tier ones from 
one to two inches long ; but all of them equally broad ; in form linear, 
flat, some of them very slightly notched at point, others entire and 
more or less sharp ; all channelled above and having the conspicuous 
silvery bands below ; deep glossy green on their upper face, and bright 
green and silvery on their under surface; all have their margins 
thickened, and their footstalks short and more or less twisted. 

Cones, from three to five inches long; and from one to two inches 
broad; cylindrical in form and erectly disposed; the scales broad, rounded, 
and more or less downy externally ; curved at the edges, closely dis- 
posed, equal in size, and when ripe deciduous ; the seeds comparatively 
small, soft, angular, with persistent wings from haK to one inch long. 

Branches, in whorls, flat, spreading, and comparatively distant; 
branchlets in two horizontal rows, and short and compact ; the bark 
when young glossy golden green, and smooth and varnished-like ; 



CONIFERS. 



39 



when older, slightly scared and ashy-green ; and when matured more 
or less rough, fissured, and scaly, and reddish-grey; and when aged 
ashy-grey in colour. 

This tree is most appropriately named, for it is indeed a grand Fir. 
First discovered and introduced to us by poor Douglas, from !N'orthern 
California, hut it has since been found in British Columbia and 
Vancouver's Island, both in the true and quasi form, for it is now 
plentiful in this country as a Quasi- Grandis (Lowiana, of some, 
Magnifica of others ;) which, at least in their young state, are in so 
far as foliage goes distinct from the original ; having leaves duller green 
above, and less conspicuously marked with the glaucous silvery bands 
below ; and the branchlets more spreading and lighter coloured, and 
nothing like the glossy, smooth, and varnished young growths of the 
true species. 

Most of the young specimens and trees of it, at least of any size, in 
this country have been propagated by grafting, layering, or cuttings ; 
consequently many branches of it are to be found, no doubt many of 
them beautiful ; but far inferior in grandeur to what they would have 
been, if raised from seed. 

It prefers moist (not wet, nor sour) soils ] and alluvial valleys are its 
choice of situation : it is perfectly hardy, not predisposed to early 
growth ; and well deserves to be much more extensively planted in the 
beautifying of our landscapes than it now is ; and as many young 
plants of it raised from seed are now extant, it wiU no doubt ere long 
be more highly appreciated, and eventually find its way into every 
plantation of beautiful trees. 

PiGEA NOBILIS : The Xoble Silver Fir. 

ArOSTROPHISED BY THE FIRS AND PINES. 

Hail ! 'Nohilis ; thy sceptre sway Hail ! empress of the Firs and Pines ! 

O'er Picea'i silver train : Grand giants ! pigmies green ! 

Our homage, Beauty's due, we pay, What Pine, what Fir its vow declines, 

To thy all verdant reign. To crown thee Ficea's Queen ? 

Leaves, from one-half to two inches long, solitary, flat, linear, 
falcate, compressed, turned upwards, and very closely disposed on the 
branch stems, particularly on the sides and tops ; but as the branchlets 
become adult branches, the leaves become more or less irregularly 
arranged in two rows : rich blueish green above, and silvery below ; 
and when viewed at a short distance the spray appears a beautiful 
combination, a conglomerate mass, as it were, of rich silvery green, and 
glaucous violet shades and tints. 

Cones, these are generally solitary, and growing upon the upper 



40 



PINACE^. 



side of tlie l)raiic]ies ; from five to eight inclies in length, and from 
two to three broad ; at first yellowish green, changing to yellowish 
purple as they arrive at maturity : the scales are somewhat triangular, 
more or less incurved, and entire margined ; the bracts project, the 
scales are jagged round the edges, and furnished with a comparatively 
long broad point, or rather tail, as they are more or less reflexed back- 
wards : the seeds are not very large, and their wing appendage rather 
more than an inch long. 

Its branches are disposed in whorls, and the branchlets numerous 
and regular, and well clothed with foliage j the bark when young is 
yellowish green, changing to a yellowish purple, and when matured of a 
rich cinnamon colour. 

This is another of Douglas's beautiful and immensely large trees," 
of it he says, " I spent weeks in a forest composed of it, and day by 
day ceased not to admire it." It has also been found by other travel- 
lers in several localities of California and Columbia since Douglas first 
discovered it. It attains heights of from one hundred and fifty to two 
hundred feet, and three to four feet in diameter. It is thoroughly 
hardy, sound in constitution, of tolerably rapid growth, not particu- 
larly fastidious as to soil and situation ; but fully to develop itself it 
requires a good, deep, loamy soil, and sheltered locality in this 
country. Its timber may be termed almost second-class ; ornament, 
however, is its quality, and in that it takes the very highest rank. Its 
quasis are AmaMlis, Magnifica, and Robusta^ all of them noble and 
beautiful. 

PiGEA NORDMANNIANA : l^ordmann's Silver Fir. 

This kind, although partaking somewhat of the prototype and the 
great Silver Fir, is nevertheless distinct from either of them, and 
requires a description. 

Leaves, these are solitary, flat, thick-margined, smooth, linear, 
emarginate, equal in breadth from apex to base, somewhat twisted at 
bottom ; rich light, or yellowish green above, and darker green, with 
the silvery bands, and likewise grooved below. 

Cones, from four to six inches long, and from two to three inches 
in diameter ; egg-shaped, and blunt pointed ; with short footstalks, 
growing erect on the upper side of the branches ; the scales are cupped, 
smooth, obtuse, entire, somewhat recurved, closely adpressed and fall- 
ing off when the seeds are thoroughly ripe : the bracts at first 
adhere to the scales, but as they mature become free, and extend the 
scales, and eventually more or less reflexed at their apex ; seeds trian- 



41 



gular and soft, generally two under each scale ; and the wing appen- 
dage comparatively large. 

Branches, these are numerous, dense, and regularly disposed ; the 
upper ones aspiring, the lower ones horizontal ; the hranchlets are also 
numerous and regularly disposed ; the hark on the young plants 
smooth and glossy, and even on old trees and when matured, it is 
comparatively smooth and fine for fir hark, hence it is sometimes called 
Picea Leioclada, (smooth-hranched Pitch Fir.) It is found common 
on the Crimean Mountains, and the Alpine regions east of the Black 
Sea, attaining heights of from seventy to ninety feet ; generally 
straight stemmed, and from two to three feet in diameter. It is 
thoroughly hardy, sturdy, iron constitution ed, and seems to do well in 
almost any soil, if in a healthy condition, in this country. Situations 
cold or hot, high or low, will suit it, for it seems to thrive in all kinds 
and degrees of them. The timher of Nordmannlana and Pinsapo I 
consider the hest of those of any of the silver firs, not excepting, even, 
the prototype Pedinata. It well deserves to he extensively planted in 
Eritain, as a most beautiful smaU-sized ornamental tree, producing 
tolerably good timber. 

PiGEA PeGTINATA : The Pectinate Leaved Fir. 

So called from its leaves being disposed in two rows like the teeth of 
a comb. 

This I take as the original prototype and present representative of 
this Piceciy or my second section of the S.D. Ahietinece, inasmuch as it 
has in a more or less marked degree all the distinguishing character- 
istics of the Silver Firs. 

Leaves, solitary, flat, stiffs, leathery, obtuse ; their points curved 
and aspiring, from one-half, to one-and-a-half inch long ; dark shining 
green above, with the two silver bands below. 

Cones, from five to eight inches long, and from one to two inches 
broad ; cylindrical in form, growing erect and axillary on the branches; 
at first yellowish green, changing to greenish red, and when matured 
brown in colour : the scales are rounded and thin margined ; the 
bracts longer than the scales, and sharp though flat pointed ; the seeds 
angular, soft, and surcharged with resinous juice, surmounted by a 
membranaceous wing appendage. 

Branches, regularly disposed in horizontal whorls ; the hranchlets 
are all also regularly disposed and uniformly clothed with foliage. 
This fir was introduced into this country about the beginning of thQ 
sixteenth century ; and it may be termed an European tree ; inasmuch 



42 



%s it is found more or less plentiful all over the mountain chains of the 
Mps, Appennines, and Pyrenees ; and on most of the higher table 
lands of Mid- Europe ; yet, very rarely in IN'orthern Europe ; while it 
extends to IN'orth and West Asia, and is very common on the higher 
mountains of Greece. Wherever found in a natural state it is gener- 
ally located on elevations ranging from two thousand to five thousand 
feet. 

It is thoroughly hardy, sound in constitution, of rapid growth, par- 
ticularly after it has established itself ; and not particularly fastidious 
in its choice of soil or situation ; doing tolerably well in any ordinary 
soil, if in a sweet and healthy condition ; but requires a good deep 
soil and sheltered locality fully to develop itself in this country. It 
attains heights of from eighty to one hundred and twenty feet ; and 
will in Britain, when planted in a soil and situation congenial to its 
growth, reach one hundred feet in height. 

Its timber is what I term second-class, being rather soft and porous, 
of a creamy whiteness, tinged or shaded with rose ; and when free 
from knots easily wrought, but not very durable, and a bad weather- 
stander, yet useful for many domestic purposes. I have invariably 
found that it produces better quality of timber when grown upon high 
than low altitudes, and in hard and poor than in soft and rich soil, 
though the quantity be less. 

'No fir is more useful in this country ; either for mixed plantations, 
groups, belts, or specimen park trees ; and for game-preserves, thickets, 
or shelter clumps, few trees are better adapted ; for in such situations, 
where a close humid atmosphere, and drip and shade prevail, it is 
quite at home. 

Of the innumerable varieties and sub-varieties of this fir, worthy 
notice or cultivation for their use or beauty as ornamental trees or 
shrubs, I enumerate the following : — Argentea, (silvery variegated,) 
Aurea, (golden variegated,) Fastigiata, (fastigiate-branched,)i^f^crocarpa, 
(small-coned,) Nana, (the dwarf,) Pendula, (the pendulous -branched,) 
Pyramidalia, (the pyramidal var.,) Tortuosa^ (the tortuous-branched 
var.) 

Pice A PigHTA: The Siberian Pitch Eir. 

This is merely a depapurated and more pitchy form of the quasi- 
species Cilicica : which characteristic is no doubt the effect produced 
by the soil and climate of Siberia. This, moreover, is a much slower 
grower and a less beautiful plant or tree than the Cilician. There is 
also a variegata form of it. ' ^ 



CONIFERS. 



4S 



PiCEA PiNDRO W : The Indian Silver Fir. 

This is the Indian form of the Silver fir, and no douht its native and 
universal name is derived from the Sanscrit words Find, "incense-cake," 
and Rud, "to weep;" inasmuch as it was much used in sacrifices, 
and burnt ofi'erings to their deities j the numerous globules of 
resinous matter which are found exuding, like " the shedding of tears," 
from the cones and axillary parts, of the stems being made into cakes 
for ofi'erings. Major Madden, however, calls it a " local and 
barbarous term," and gives to this tree the name Herhertiana ; in 
compliment to the late Captain Herbert, who rendered the natural 
history of India such good service : but when I see so much truth and 
beauty in this the Major's " barbarous term," of a barbarous people, 
who, in their own barbarous way, generally applied more correct and 
significant names to their trees, than we fine folk who are under the 
banner of civilization ; I have no compunction as a Christian in select- 
ing the " barbarous," and rejecting the civilized, term as the specific 
name of the Indian form of the Silver Fir. 

Leaves, varying in size from one'to three inches in length, and about 
one line broad ; dark green when young, increasing in degree as they 
mature, when they assume a black-green colour, and on their under face 
the silvery bands ; which, however, are less conspicuous than in the 
European or iN^orth American kinds. The leaves are at first disposed 
regularly all round the young shoots ; but as they increase in age and 
become adult branches, the leaves then form themselves into two 
horizontal rows on the branch stems ; all of them more or less bidented 
or bifid, that is two-toothed or double-pointed. 

Cones, generally from four to six inches long, and two to four 
inches broad ; solitary and erect on the upper side of the branch stems ; 
at first yellowish green, changing to greenish purple as they increase in 
age, and when matured a rich dark purple colour ; scales wedge-shaped, 
stiff, and leathery ; deciduous when matured ; seeds angular or oblong 
in form, soft and resinous, the wing appendage thin, long, and broad. 

Branches, these are disposed in horizontal whorls, and are spread- 
ing ; the branchlets are generally in two rows upon the branches, and 
in opposite pairs, and the buds oval in form, greenish purple in colour, 
and resinous and scaly. 

This fir, when young and growing, forms a tapering, or tall conical 
pyramid ; but when matured and aged it is a dark and dismal looking, 
flat- headed tree. 

It attains heights of from fifty to one hundred and fifty feet ; and it 



44 



PINACE^. 



is found more or less plentiful on the snow-capped mountains and 
alpine heights of north-western India, at elevations ranging from seven 
thousand to thirteen thousand feet; and like all the other firs and 
pines, is much influenced in its stature and dimensions, and likewise 
in the size of its foliage and cones, by the soil, climate, and altitude in 
which it may be found growing ; hence the many conflicting and con- 
tradictory descriptions which have been from time to time given us of 
the Indian Silver Fir. 

This fir is sufficiently hardy for our climate ; but it is very fastidious 
as to soil and situation ; and is predisposed to early spring growth, and 
consequently is liable to injury from late spring frosts ; and whenever 
it is intended to plant it, the best soil and most sheltered situation in 
the most northern aspect of the pinetum or plantation should be 
assigned to it ; for a southern aspect and early or meridian sun are the 
causes of its dislikes to Albion's Isles. 

As a timber tree it has no claims ; for its best specimens are soft and 
spongy and of mushroom durability : as an ornamental tree it is only 
useful as a variety in a large collection where a suitable soil and situa- 
tion can be afforded it. 

PiGEA PiNSAPO ' The Pinsapo or Spanish Silver Fir. 

Hail ! Pinsapo ! thou goodly tree ! 
Thou art all grace and symmetry, 

Gem of Iberia's land. 
A pitchy wood though we confess, 
Yet, perfect lignine these hath less ; 

And well thy charms demand 
That thee in rank our strains address 
As next our Queen, — our fair Princess. 

Leaves, comparatively small, being from a quarter to one inch in 
length ; somewhat flat on their upper face, and more or less rounded 
below, and almost minus the conspicuous silvery bands, the dis- 
tingushing characteristic so much appreciated in the Silver Fir or 
Ficea section; — for in this species it is at most but very imperfectly 
illustrated : no two-toothed leaves do we find, but sharp needle-pointed 
little lancets or daggers, so closely and regularly disposed on the branch 
stems at right angles, that from a cylinder sprig an ordinary mathema- 
tician might define by angles, if not square the circle : when young, the 
foliage is pea-green, when matured, rich green, and when aged, bright 
shining green. 

Cones, from four to six inches long, and from one-and-a-half to three 
inches broad ; cylindrical in form, but ovate at base and apex ; minus 



CONIFERS. 



45 



footstalks, or with very sliort ones ; erect and numerous, growing upon the 
upper side of the hranches; at first yellowish green, changing to 
greenish purple ; and when matured brownish purple in colour : the 
scales are wedge-shaped at base, rounded externally, and entire at apex; 
bracts comparatively small ; the seeds angular, soft, and winged. 

Branches, regularly disposed in whorls, not far distant ; and the 
branchlets are equally as numerous and geometrical, even to the 
base of the branches, and the branches the same to the base of the 
tree, rendering a cylinder instead of a pyramid ; quite in keeping with 
its other parts — the foliage and cones, in their formation of cylinders 
by mathematical angles : a rather remarkable characteristic in a fir. 
The bark, when young, is yellowish green, changing to greenish brown, and 
when old brownish purple, and more or less furrowed, rough, and scaly. 

Tree,, when young, is a paragon of beauty, a model of symmetry, and 
an object of never satiating pleasure ; when old and matured it is a stately 
dame, 'neath whose branching head and dense ambrosial shade, we 
might court the muses and improve the mind, by reading lessons from 
the leaves, the branches, cones, and scaly trunk. 

It is thoroughly hardy, of moderate growth, and not dainty as to 
soil or situation. It attains heights of from fifty to seventy feet, and 
produces wood equally as good, and for texture and durability, I think 
superior, to that of any of the species of the silver firs ; and if it has 
not it ought to have, a place in every collection of trees, whether great 
or small. Of its varieties the only one worthy of notice is variegata ; 
difi'ering, however, in nothing but the colour of a portion of its leaves 
and spray which are yellow, straw or creamy -white ; and which, mixed 
with the common or bright green ones, are very showy if not pretty ; 
rendering it useful as an ornamental plant where variety and contrast of 
colour are desired ; but it must be remembered that variegation is not 
an indication of health ; and this variety is more particular and fastid- 
ious about soil and situation than its parent, to whose characteristics 
it sometimes reverts, even when propagated by grafts, cuttings, or 
layers ; and, doubtless, always, when, if ever, we raise it from seed. Its 
quasis are ApoUinis, Cephalonica, and Regince Amalece ; all beautiful, 
but in a less degree than the Princess Pinsapo, 
PiGKA RkliGIOSA : The Sacred Silver Pir. 
This is the Mexican form of Picea ; a kind somewhat distinct from 
all its congeners. 

Leaves, solitary, linear, flat, from a quarter to two inches long; 
irregularly disposed; on the leading or stem shoot thinly set and 



46 



PINACE^. 



recurved backwards ; on tlie laterals somewhat two rowed and recnryed 
downwards; on the lower side very few indeed; and on the upper 
side a few small-sized ones pointing to the top of the shoot ; deep 
green above and silvery banded when young ; but, when old, most of 
the silver disappears, and the leaves assume a darker shade. 

Cones^ from four to six inches long, and from two to three inches 
broad ; somewhat egg-shaped, erect on the shoots ; at first greenish 
purple, increasing in darkness as they increase in age : scales rounded, 
broad, entire, and thick margined ; bracts large, projecting and reflex- 
ing over the scales ; seeds large, angular, soft, and winged. 

Branches, the leading shoots rampant, soft, and spongy, the laterals 
more regular and uniform in growth ; and all of them very irregularly 
disposed ; when young sometimes more or less downy or hairy ; but 
when old generally all smooth and clean : bark brown and smooth ; 
buds inclined to start growing in autumn, and often injured by early 
and hard winter frosts. 

It attains heights of from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet ; 
and forms a handsome thin and irregular branched tree with smooth 
dark brown bark. It has quasis few, but synonyms many, all of 
which will be found in the Appendix. 

It requires the best soils, warmest and best situations in this country; 
and is, even then, frequently injured as it grows late ; its young 
growths are often killed in severe winters. It is of no value as a 
timber tree, and but little as an ornamental one ; unless, indeed, for 
curiosity as a peculiar form of the Silver Fir. 

PiGEA VeITCHI : Yeitch's Silver Fir. 

This is a said-to-be new species from China ; but all of them which I 
have yet seen as young plants, show nothing distinct from the proto- 
type when cultivated under the same conditions ; and the specimens of 
its cones and leaves now extant show nothing but depapurated cones 
and leaves of the common kind, for as small cones of the Silver Fir are 
extant produced in Britain; so for the present I refer it to Fectinata, var. 
Microcarpa, 

Pice A Webbiana : Webb's Indian Silver Fir. 

This, although a quasi-species of Pindrow, is nevertheless a better 
constitutioned, equally, if not more beautiful, less fastidious in its 
choice of soil and situation, and in every respect better adapted for 
the soils and climate of Great Britain and Ireland. 

§3. Vera: The true or Spruce Firs. 

Leaves, generally four-sided, irregularly disposed, and scattered all 



CONIFERS. 



47 



round the shoots ; hut hecoming more or less two-sided, and somewhat 
two-rowed upon old trees. 

Their Cones are pendent, or nearly so, and terminate with compara- 
tively thin persistent scales, their seeds small, with a bony shell. All 
of them abound in turpentine. 

Abiks Alba : The White Spruce Fir. 

Leaves, one-half to one inch long, incurved, four-sided, scattered ; 
and glaucous, or whitish-green in colour. 

Cones, two to three inches long, one-half to one inch broad, and 
pendulous ; the scales thin, smooth, and rounded. 

Branches, compact and dense ; bark, light coloured. 

A nativ^ of Canada and North America, its range extending to the 
coasts of the Arctic Sea; attaining heights of from twenty-five to 
fifty feet, and one to two feet in diameter at base. It is thoroughly 
hardy, free growing, not particular about soil, but prefers moist to dry 
situations, and is partial to a shady locality. 

A most useful ornamental tree, and a most useless timber one. 

The only varieties worth notice are : — -ccerulea, (blueish-leaved,) 
echinoformis, (the hedgehog-like,) glauca, (the glaucous-leaved,) nana, 
(the dwarf,) and variegata, (the variegated.) 

Abies Excelsa : The Lofty or Common Spruce. 

This is the prototype of this section, and a well-known tree. 

Leaves, scattered, four-sided, curved, stiff, and sharp-pointed ; from 
one-half to one inch in length, and rich deep green in colour. 

Cones, from four to eight inches long, and from one to two inches 
broad, growing near the tips of the branches, and when matured 
pendent ; yellowish-green at first, changing to brownish-purple as they 
arrive at maturity : scales somewhat rounded, incurved, and toothed ; 
seeds very small, with the wing appendage from one-half to one inch long. 

Branches, in whorls, on young trees horizontal, but in old trees 
drooping : young trees clothed to their base, but old trees lose their 
lower branches ; bark at first yellowish-green, when old rough and 
rugged, and brownish -purple. 

It has been more or less extensively cultivated by us for three-and-a- 
half centuries, and may be termed an Alpine European species, but it 
is now to be found either indigenous or exotic in most temperate 
countries of the globe; this being the case it has of late years been 
found in as many quasi-species, and varieties, as it has native habitats, 
and has been introduced to us as a fine neio species, from iN'orth 
America, California, China, or other parts of the world. 



48 



PINACE^. 



It is thorouglily hardy, good in constitution, of rapid growth, and 
large dimensions, and grows freely in almost every description of soil ; 
and is a most useful tree for planting in low-lying, damp, and marshy 
soils, where most of its congeners would starve and die ; yet, fully to 
develop itself it requires a good deep moist loam, and a sheltered 
situation, where it would attain a height of over one hundred feet in 
these isles. 

Its timher is hght, elastic, sub-resinous, and when free from knots 
easily wrought ; tolerably durable, and useful for many purposes, and 
enters very largely into our imports of foreign deal, logs, spars, &c., 
and forms no inconsiderable portion of the world's timber trade. It 
is, moreover, a most useful tree for ornamental and decorative planting, 
either for forming large hedges, shelter belts, mixed plantations, or 
specimen trees. Of its numerous forms and varieties, which are 
useful as ornamental trees, plants, or shrubs, the only ones worthy 
of notice are : — ClanhrasiUana, (Lord Claubrasil's dwarf Spruce,) and 
of this there are two sub-varieties : — stncta, (erect growing,) and 
variegata, (variegated-leaved,) all three of them never exceeding a couple 
of yards in height ; denudata, (naked-stemmed or twiggy-branched,) 
elegans, (the pretty dwarf,) Finedonensis, (Finedon yellow-leaved var.,) 
moiistrosa, (rustic, or monstrous-branched,) nigra, (very 'dark-green 
var.,) oocarpa, (egg shaped-coned,) poUta, (the neate,) pygmcea, (the 
dwarf,) pyramidalis, (erect, or compact growing,) Sangil, (Bang's 
variety,) stricta, (conical dwarf var.,) temiifoUa, (slender-leaved var.,) 
variegata, (variegated-leaved,) and pendula, (weeping-branched,) of 
which latter there are several sub -varieties, such as inverta and recurvata. 

Abies EngelmANI: Engleman's Spruce Tir. 

This is a smaller coned, and smaller leaved form of Menziesii; found 
on the Rocky Mountains a knarled bush, while in the valleys of ]N"ew 
Mexico it forms a stately tree. 

Abies JezOENSIS : The Jezo Spruce Fir. 

This is merely an altered form of Menziesii, 

Abies Menziesii : Menzie's Spruce Fir. 

This beautiful, ornamental, and valuable timber tree, was first intro- 
duced to our notice by Douglas, who sent it home in 1831. 

Leaves, from one-half to one inch long, solitary, thickly scattered on 
the young shoots ; narrow, linear, sharp-pointed, incurved, and rigid j 
rich vivid green above, and quite silvery below ; after they are twelve 
months old many of them fall off, leaving the old inner branch stems 
naked and warted. 



CONIFER.E. 



49 



Cones, from two to three inches long, and from one to one-and-a-half 
inches broad ; cylindrical in form, blunt-pointed, pendulous, at lirst 
yellowish-green, and changing to reddish-purple when ripe ; scales 
elliptical, loosely disposed, thin-margined, and slightly toothed ; seeils 
very small, having an ample "wing appendage. 

Branches, numerous, dense, and well-clothed with foliage ex- 
ternally ; but the inner stems more or less naked and jointed-like. 

It attains heights of from fifty to one hundred feet, and forms a 
pyramidal, thickly-branched, dense-headed tree ; when young a 
symmetrical cone of silvery green. It is thoroughly hardy, of very rapid 
growth, and luxuriates in moist, loamy, gravelly, or clay soils ; but in 
peat, sandy-gravel, or warm dry soils it gets sickly and subject to be 
killed by red spiders. From examination of specimens of its matured 
timber, and likewise of its home-gromi, but imperfectly matured 
wood, I think it will surpass the common Spruce Fir, as a valuable 
timber for home use and growth. If it has not. it ought to have, a 
place in every wood or forest, pinetum or plantation. It is not yet 
much encumbered with varieties, but there are in existence a Cri.^'jja, 
(curled-scaled,) Fastigiata, (fastigiate-branched.) Nana, (dwarf,) and 
Variegata, (variegated-leaved.) There are many quasi-species of it, as 
will be seen from the many kinds referred to it in the appendix. 

AbiKS MoRINDA: The Himalayan Fir. 

From among the many Christian and barbarous names by which this 
fi.r is known, I select its native one, and though one of the barbarous 
ones yet I like it : — Morinda in the native dialect means ^' ^^'ectar 
drops," or *^ honey tears," from the resinous drops or tears upon tlie 
cones and bark resembling honey. It is also named Khutrow, which 
is, doubtless, a misnomer of the Silma vernacular " Khudrow," or 

Noodrow," (weeping fir,) from its long and pendulous branchlets. 

Leaves, from one to two inches long, very sharp-pointed, four-sided, 
somewhat curved, regularly disposed all round the shoots ; at first a 
soft, light green, changing to dark green when matured. 

Cones, from three to six inches long, and from one-and-a-half to three 
inches broad ; somewhat ovate in form, at first erect, when matured 
pendent, at first yellowish-brown and glaucous, when matured purj)lish- 
brown ; scales even and obovate ; seeds very small ; wing appendage 
small, and dark purple in colour. 

Branches, horizontal, spreading, at base of tree drooping ; and the 
laterals very numerous, slender, and drooping. It attains heights of 
fi'om one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet, and forms a most 

E 



50 



PINACEtE. 



graceful tree when in a good, sweet, moist soil and northern aspect or 
shady situation. It is sufficiently hardy for our climate, and is a 
distinct kind for ornament, but of no use for its timber, which is 
white, soft, and spongy, and of mushroom durability. 
Abies Nigra : The Black Spruce Fir. 

This is a most beautiful little tree ; and whether from its leaves or 
cones it has been named Nigra matters little, for it is indeed, if not 
a nigger," at least a " darkie." 

Leaves, from a quarter to half an inch long, thickly set all round the 
stems, four-sided, stiff, and straight, and very dark sombre green in 
colour. 

Cones, from one to two inches long, and from one-half to one inch 
broad, egg-shaped and pendent, rich, deep purple when young, when 
old, reddish-brown ; scales thin, rounded, wavy, and jagged on the 
edges ; seeds small, with their wing appendage stiff. 

Branches, horizontal, numerous, more or less pendent at their tips ; 
the branchlets are also numerous ; bark, also, dark purple in colour. 

A most distinct, hardy, and useful tree ; attaining heights of from 
fifty to eighty feet, with trunk diameters of from one to two feet, pro- 
ducing good, strong, light, and elastic wood; and from its buds and 
spray the Americans make most of their Spruce Eeer." Like most 
of its congeners it prefers moist to dry soils, and gets sickly and in- 
fested by red spiders in dry, warm soils. 

In every collection of trees, where a moist soil can be assigned to it, 
this tree ought to be planted, for no fir would form a more ornamental 
one ; and from its dark, glaucous, and silvery-hke foliage, its rich 
purple cones, and its black bark, it is well adapted for contrast and 
commingling of colours in decorative planting. There is a Variegata 
form of it useful enough as an ornamental plant while it keeps 
variegated. 

Abies OrieKTALIS : The Chinese Spruce Fir. 

Leaves, from a quarter to half an inch long, somewhat four-sided, 
narrow, stout, slightly blunt-pointed, very tliickly set on the branches, 
and rich deep green in colour. 

Cones, from two to three inches long, and from one-half to one inch 
broad at base, tapering to apex ; scales thin, rounded, loose, wedge- 
shaped, slightly pointed, and uneven edged; seeds very small and 
dark in colour, with the wing appendage short and broad. 

Branches, straight, slender, and well covered with foliage. 

A most beautiful, distinct, hardy, slow-growing, and useful kind j 



CONIFEKE. 



51 



attaining heights of from fifty to eighty feet, witli a base diameter 
of from one to two feet, producing good timber which, is as tough, 
elastic, and durable as that of any of the Spruce Firs ; for all orna- 
mental purposes, and likemse on account of the quality of its wood, it 
ought to be more extensively planted. There is a Variegata form of it, 
an interesting and pretty plant when got and kept variegated. 
Abies PattoNII : Patton's Spruce Fir. 

This was lately introduced from California by Jeffrey of Oregon 
celebrity. It appears to have timber, cones, and seeds like Menziesii, 
though in its foliage and branches more related to Excelsa ; so for the 
present I give it a place as a quasi-species ; hardy and useful enough as 
a variety of the Spruce Fir. 

Abies Rubra : The Eed Spruce Fir. 

This is the J^orth American form of the Spruce Fir, attaining heights 
of from forty to eighty feet ; having leaves of a glaucous pale green 
when young, changing to a sombre reddish-green when old ; they are 
rather slender, somewhat four-sided, rigid, sharp -pointed, and regularly 
disposed all round the stem shoots, and from one-quarter to three-quarters 
of an inch in length ; the cones are from three-quarters of an inch to 
one-and-a-half inches long, and about half as broad as long, tapering to 
apex and base. Its timber is good for its class; it is thoroughly 
hardy, and prefers a moist to a dry soil, as in dry burning soils it soon 
gets sickly and infested with red spiders. 

Its only use in this country is as a small-sized, compact-growing 
form of the Spruce Fir, for ornamental planting. There are the follow- 
ing varieties of it : — Coerulea^ (bluish-leaved,) Coerulea Ericoides, 
(heath-like-leaved,) and Variegata, (variegated -sprayed ;) pretty little 
trees for ornamentators. 

S.D. XL CedrUS: The Cedar. 

Doubtless the term is from the Greek, KeSjOoc. The Hebrew words 
Erez and Sliittali are, indeed, received by some as designating the cedar, 
but the Hebrew root *np ^ the origin of the name of the brook Cedron, 
or Cidron, — over which David passed in his exile, (2 Sam. xv, 23,) 
and over which the true David passed, (John xviii, 1,) at the time of 
His "great humility," — signifies ^^deep sliade^'' and is, most probably, 
the origin, therefore, of the name of this genus of firs, which are 
distinguished by their umbrageous character. The iN'ew Testament 
passage adds the words " where there was a garden." The "glory of 
Kedar," (Isaiah xxi, 16, 17,) may have been its cedars ; it seemeth 

E 2 



52 



PINACEiE. 



to have been black witli shade ; — " I am black but comely as the tents 
of Kedar : " (Song of Solomon i, 5.) 

riowers male and female, generally on the same plant but sepa- 
rate ; rarely indeed upon separate plants : male catkins more or less 
numerous, solitary disposed, cylindrical in form, erect and terminal; 
female ones generally solitary, oval-obtuse in form, erect, and some- 
times in twin pairs. 

Leaves, needle-shaped, or four-sided, from one-half to two inches 
long ; stiff, persistent, evergreen or perennial ; on the twigs or young 
shoots they are singly and thinly scattered round the stems j on the 
adult branches or old trees they are in gregarious clusters or bundles, of 
from five to fifty in number to each bud-like leaf sprig, acute-pointed, 
pungent, and of a rich glaucous or shining green colour : seed-leaves 
generally nine, sometimes seven, sometimes five. 

Cones, comparatively large, being from two-and-a-half to five inches 
long, and from one-and-a-half to two-and-a-half inches broad ; oval — 
obtuse in form, growing erect upon the upper side of the branches; 
smooth and leathery on their surface, and at first greenish-yellow, chang- 
ing to yellowish-brown, and when matured assuming a rusty-brown color : 
scales very closely imbricated, very persistent when young, growing, 
and ripe ; but after remaining upon the tree for a time, or sometimes 
after being collected, they become more or less deciduous and easily 
opened : seeds angular in form, soft and surcharged with resinous 
juice ; with the wing appendage large, obovate in form, persistent, and 
membranaceous. 

This genus is composed of the prototype Deodar, and the two quasi- 
species, Atlantica and Lihani, and their varieties and sub-varieties. 

CedRUS Atlantica: The Mount Atlas Cedar. 

This form of the cedar is of comparatively recent introduction, 
(about 1843 ;) yet, from what I have seen of it, I incline to the belief 
that it will prove a useful tree in this country, inasmuch as it is 
thoroughly hardy, free growing, not particular as to soil or situation ; 
and its timber, though vastly inferior to that of Deodara, is greatly 
superior to that of Lihani. In all its distinguishing characteristics it is 
half the one and half the other, possessing half the good qualities of 
the Deodar, and half the bad qualities^f the Lebanon ; both as an orna- 
mental and timber tree it well deserves to be more extensively planted in 
this country. The remarks made upon the soil, situation, and cultivation 
of the Deodara are equally appropriate for Atlantica. It is as yet not 
much encumbered with varieties, but has often been re-christened. 



CONIFERS. 



53 



CeDRUS DeODARA: The Sacred Cedar. 

The specific name of this cedar is doubtless from the Sanscrit word 

{Deva,) God; Latin, Deus, The latter moiety of the word 

being either from the Sanscrit word ^ {da,) Latin, do, to give ; as it 

were. Gift of God ; or from ^T"^ {Dara,) a wife ; as though Spouse of 

God; or again, from {Daru,) wood; Greek, ZpvQ, drus ; hence 

Druids; as a Divine tree. However contrary to generally received 
opinion, I pin my faith on Deodara as the most ancient, revered, en- 
durable, fragrant, ever-verdant, most beautiful of all the species of the firs 
and pines ; notwithstanding that in former ages of the world's history, as 
well as in these latter times, many learned dissertations and philo- 
sophical speculations have been spent upon the cedar. After much 
careful research and laborious investigation, I have, however, come to 
the inevitable conclusion that we, yes, even we, in this the latter half 
of the nineteenth century of the Christian era, are labouring under the 
most erroneous ideas concerning the trees and the ligneous tissues, and 
fabrics of them, which have been descanted upon and recorded by 
. the ancient historians and natural philosophers, both sacred and pro- 
fane. Be it not, however, inferred that by this statement I impugn 
the truthfulness of the ancients ; nay, rather be it understood that I 
consider their descriptions of their trees, and the accounts given of 
their woods and juices, as a sublime prosopopoeia — truth itself, pure and 
simple. "Make thee an ark of gopher-wood; rooms, (nests,) shalt 
thou make in it, and shalt pitch it within and without with^^Yc/^" 
B.C. 2448 ! Yes, here is the ivood and the paint ; but the tree which 
produced the timber and the juice are what we dispute about. This, 
however, is subject matter of such magnitude, and comprehending so 
many genera and species, and such an array of extraneous, yet 
essential considerations, that in this my present enterprise I have no 
alternative but to defer it until the issue of my more elaborate "Work, 
The Ligneous Trees and Shrubs of the World. As pertaining to 
Cedrus, however, I may here state that my examination of specimens, 
and my research and investigation into its past and present history, 
have led me to believe that most of such world-renowned woods as 
those of the temples of Diana at Ephesus, of Apollo at Utica, of the 
first and second temples at Jerusalem, as well as those of Solomon's 
own palaces, and the palaces of the heathen princes ; likewise most of 
such woods as those of St. Peter's Church at Rome, of many of the 
Egyptian coffins and mummy cases, Raphael's picture woods, the 



54 



PINACE^. 



heathen idols, the greater portion of the original Venice pillars, and 
the wood from which the old Komans made their tiger, leopard, or 
peacock tables, upon which were spread the viands and drinks for their 
great feasts in the banqueting halls in days of yore, when Eome was 
the greatest and most powerful nation on the face of our planet j when 
Tiberius was mighty, and graciously condescended to accept as a pro- 
pitiatory offering a superlatively beautiful table — so fragrant, veined, 
and variegated, so rich in natural colours, and so elaborately plated 
and ornamented by the artificers in Ophir's finest gold ; yes, methinks 
that many of these, and many other woods mentioned both in Scripture 
and natural history, were the ligneous tissue produced by my prototype 
Deodara ; for Lihani is as untenable as it is untruthful as the virtuous 
Lebanon wood of Scripture, and likewise as the venerable KeSjOoc 
of Homer and Hesiod, the most ancient of natural philosophic books 
extant, most probably as old as the days of the J udges in Israel ; 
Virgil's Cedrosque, Pliny's " costly, red, and odorous, it bumeth not, 
nor yieldeth carbon, and is no more combustible than stones ; ever- 
green and indestructible;" and then most truly he adds, "neither are 
they easily distinguished by their foliage even by skilful men :" vide 
" IS'atural History," book xvi. This he states concerning his Larix, 
which certainly cannot be our Larix^ nay, but doubtless our Oedrus, 
and a true word picture of my prototype Deodara^ the venerated 
Devadara of the heathen Hindoo. 

This remarkable tree, however, was only introduced into this 
country from I^epal about half a century ago, and it is only very 
recently that its intrinsic merits as a timber tree have been appre- 
ciated j and in only a very few instances has it, up to the present 
time, been planted upon anything like an extensive scale with a view 
to good or profitable timber ; nor is it likely to be so until practical 
experience takes the place of theoretical speculation, and common 
sense the place of prejudice, when sound practice in matters of 
forestry shall exchange places with rule -of thumb, and arboriculture be 
elevated to her place as an art ; then, but not until then, will this tree 
take the high rank which it must eventually take as a British timber tree. 

Its wood is strong, compact, close-grained, long-fibred, not liable to 
warp, delightfully fragrant, never subject to the ravages of wood-vermin, 
tolerably resinous, and durable ; so much so that proof is not wanting 
to corroborate the fact that it will continue sound, not for hundreds, 
but for tens of hundreds of years, without decay or destruction from 
wood-moths. Yes, a practical chemist is the Deodar, extracting from 



CONIFEEiE. 



55 



luother earth all that is necessary of the metallic salts, for the pre- 
servation of her matured wood — be these sulphate of copper, chloride 
of zinc, sugar of lead, corrosive sublimate, carbonic acid, or creosote; 
or, again, all the essentials of enduring and incorruptible resin, and 
all the indestructible essences of earth oils are knoAvn and confected by 
her ; hence it is one of the most enduring and indestructible of woods, 
consequently non-carbonaceous. 

It is so capable of receiving a high polish that its highly Avrought 
specimens as much resemble a slab of agate as a plank of timber. 
This some will say is an encomium j so say I, but nevertheless a true 
one ; not founded upon specimens of its lignine obtained from the 
Deodar grafted upon the Lebanon, nor from cuttings or layers ; nor 
from pot-bound plants ; but from its native wood, and its yet immature 
timber produced in this country by young trees in luxuriant health, 
which, from the seed to the tree, have been raised, nursed, and culti- 
vated in a natural and common sense way — by proper food and proper 
treatment for a timber tree. 

The Deodar is thoroughly hardy, sound in constitution, of very rapid 
growth, particularly after it has established itself ; and not very fastidi- 
ous as to soil or situation, provided the soil be naturally sweet and 
healthy, or artificially made so ; for it seems to have no particular 
favour for geological distinctions, such as clay, loam, sand, peat, or 
other special descriptions of earth j nor for gneiss, mica-slate, or clay- 
slate, granite-stone or dolomatic-stone, sand-stone, or quartz-stone ; but 
any compound or commixture of earth, and any compound or com- 
mixture of stones, provided these be in such a state of porosity and 
pulverosity as to render them available as its food, it will assimilate 
and economise. From a somewhat extensive practice in the cul- 
tivation of this cedar, for general planting as a forest or timber tree, 
I have found that the grand secret of success lies in its being very 
frequently transplanted while in a young state in the nurseries — thinly 
sown and thinly grown upon the ground, thereby thoroughly hardened 
and acclimatized before being finally transplanted to its permanent 
place in wood or plantation. Plants so prepared may be planted out 
in any ordinary soils if in a sweet and healthy condition, and in any 
situation however exposed. This is not the case, however, mth plants 
which may have been propagated by grafts or cuttings, or which may 
ever have been cultivated under glass, or grown in pots, or in highly- 
manured land, or over-sheltered corners, or too closely grown together 
upon the ground, and which have been but seldom transplanted in the 



56 



PINACE^. 



nurseries ; but I think Tvhen once vre can obtain a supply of seed from 
some of the many noble yonng specimens which are now beginning to 
develop themselves in this country, such modus operandi will be less 
necessary. Its present native habitat may be said to be the Himalayas, 
where it is found on elevations ranging up to as high, as twelve thou- 
sand feet j attaining heights of from one hundred to two hundred feet, 
with a twenty to forty feet girth of trunk. But the Devadara — the 
Queen of Cedars, no doubt in former ages of the world's history occu- 
pied a wide range of native habitats, as I have already indicated from 
ancient literature; and I may here further add in corroboration of 
this my theory that geology has now demonstrated the fact that in her 
fossil beds has been ensconced for ages the ligneous tissue of Deodara^ 
but not of Himalayan growth ; but the fabric produced by it in other 
countries and other climes, coeval with or antecedent to the days when 
there were giants, when Xoah built the ark, and Adam was on earth. 

As a timber tree it is in every respect, and all things considered, 
fully entitled to take first-class rank ; as an ornamental one it has no 
superior ; and only such kinds as Araucaria Imbricaia^ Gigantabies 
Wellingtoniana and Picea Nolilis can be classed amongst its 
compeers. 

There are several varieties and sub- varieties of the Deodar ; the 
onlv forms, however, which I consider as worthv of conunenclation are — 
Argeniea^ (silvery- variegated,) Aurea, (golden-variegated,) Crassifolia^ 
(thick-leaved,) Fastigiata, (fastigiate-branched,) Prostratct, (dwarf 
spreading,) Robust a, (strong-branched,) and Viridis, (very green- 
leaved :) all of which are more or less beautiful and useful as orna- 
mental plants, but of no economic value as timber trees. 

CeDRUS LibANI : The Lebanon Cedar. 

This is said to be the patriarch of the family, and its general ap- 
pearance and deportment argues strongly in favour of such an assump- 
tion ; for it is a remarkable senile-like monarch; but its greatness was 
at first obtained by mistaken identity for the prototypical cedar ; so the 
ex-monarch Lihani has been legitimately dethroned, and must hence- 
forth take rank as a subject of the true prototype — the reigning sovereign 
of the cedars. Queen Deodara, 

The timber of the Lebanon is in every respect vastly inferior to that 
of the Deodar ; and is, even, far surpassed by that of the Mount Atlas 
Cdear. The Cedar of Lebanon was introduced into this country from 
the Levant nearly two centuries ago, and has been somewhat* exten- 
sively planted in Britain as an ornamental tree; and many fine 



CONIFERvE. 



57 



specimens of it are now extant. Asia Minor is its present native 
habitat. It attains heights of from fifty to eighty feet, and forms a 
massive, sombre, and monarchical-looking tree. 

As a timber tree it should never be planted ; as an ornamental one 
it should have a place in every collection. Like its congeners it is to 
be found in several forms or varieties ; but the only ones deserving 
notice are : Glauca, (the glaucous-leaved,) Nana, (the dwarf,) Pendula^ 
(the drooping-branched,) and Variegata, (the variegated-leaved.) 

S.D. 111 CUPRESSINK-^E : The Cypress Tribe. 

The Hebraic n ?T Tirzah, Greek KvirapLaaoQ ; hence Latin Cupressus, 

Arhor Diti sacra, et ideo funehri signo ad domos posita ; — fron- 
dem ejtcs funeream ; — lignum ejus ; inasmuch as some of the Cypress 
trees were much used by the ancients for planting their burial grounds ; 
and many of the species were much esteemed by them on account of 
their rich resinous juices, or the fragrant oils and perfumes they ob- 
tained from them. 

The name of this Cypress family being clearly enough derived from 
the Greek Kvirapiaarog, (cyparissus ;) Latin cupressus ; hence we have 
the Greek word KvireXKov. a small cup, and the Latin cupa, a cup ; 
because frequently made of this wood. Most certainly the word is not 
derived from the isle of Cyprus, or Ceos ; nor from Cyparissus, the 
beautiful youth who was transformed into a cypress ; as traditional 
mythology (Ovid's Metamorphoses, x, 21) would have us believe. 

Ee that as it may, however, this is the most numerous in sections, 
and the only S.D. of our great family Pinacese which I have 
been, though somewhat reluctantly, forced, as it were, to divide 
into Sub-Sections : for although we have here a cognate family more 
or less closely related, yet, in their distinguishing characteristics, 
flowers, leaves, cones, and seeds : also in their ligneous tissues, 
and resinous juices, they are as dissimilar as they are numerous ; 
inasmuch as in some of the Sections and Sub- Sections are to be 
found species producing comparatively hard, strong, tough, durable, 
indestructible, incombustible, fragrant and resinous woods ; while 
in others the wood is soft, brittle, spongy, not durable, combustible, 
scentless, and non-resinous : few if any of them, however, can be 
classed as profitable timber trees for the climate and soils of Great 
Britain and Ireland; their proper designation being ornamental trees 
and shrubs. 



58 



PINACE^. 



§ 1. AgthNTOSTROBEuE : The Eayed-Scaled Cypress. 

Froni aKTiQ, (aktis,) ray ; and (rrpecpii), {strepho,) to turn ; their 
cones being formed of curved or cup-like scales : some having four, 
some six, and some eight convex valves, or cup-like scales; hence my 
three Sub-Sections, Octovalvus^ Sexovalvus, and Quarto valvus. 

Flowers, male and female, generally on the same plant, but sepa- 
rate ; yet, exceptionally on separate plants. 

Leaves, these are generally scale-formed, in some species linear, 
needle-shaped, ternate, or in whorls ; in some more or less imbricated ; 
but generally small and acute-pointed ; seed-leaves generally in twos 
or threes. 

Cones, these are woody, globular in form, with their scales more or 
less rayed externally, and more or less convex or cupped internally : 
seeds winged on both sides. 

This Section contains nothing of any economic value, or utility 
either for ornament or profit, in this country; although it includes 
many distinct and beautiful shrubs, and a few small-sized trees. 

Sub. § 1. OCTO valvus: Eight- Yalved. 

This Sub-Section includes the I^ew South Wales Cypresses. 
Handsome small trees, and large and small shrubs ; but each and all 
of which are too tender for our climate. 

Sub. § 2. SkXOVALVUS : Six Valved. 

This Sub-Section comprises the ]^ew Holland Cypresses. A numer- 
ous family of interesting and beautiful shrubs, or small trees ; but 
much too tender for such a climate as ours. 

Sub. § 3. QUARTOVALVUS : Four Yalved. 

This Sub-Section comprehends the African Cypresses. A group of 
pretty shrubs, and a small-sized tree or two ; all of which are too 
delicate in constitution for an English winter. 

§ 2. ArthrOTAXIS : The Jointed-branched Cypress. 

Erom apSrpov, a joint ; and ra^ig, arrangement ; the branches 
being regularly jointed. 

Flowers, male and female, generally on the same plant, but sepa- 
rate, terminal, and solitary ; yet exceptionally found on separate and 
distinct plants. 

Leaves, these are scale-formed, small, ranging from one to six lines 
long, closely inlaid or imbricated along the stems, somewhat keeled, 
and minus footstalks ; and bright, glossy, or shining green in colour. 



CONIFEK^. 



59 



Cones, small, ranging from acorns to walnuts in size, and roundish, 
or globular in form : scales entire, minus bracts, imbricated, uneven 
surfaced, and somewhat wedge-shaped ; seeds in twos, threes, or fives 
under each scale, with their wing appendage small, and the shell thin 
and rispid. 

ArTHROTAXIS CuPRESSOIDES : The Cypress-like. 

This attains heights of from fifteen to thirty feet in Tasmania, and 
forms a numerously-branched, straight-stemmed, little tree ; with 
slender, spreading, and pendent branchlets, which are thickly clothed 
with the small, thick, smooth, shining, and scale-like leaves. There 
are several forms of it ; two of which, Laxifolia, (open or loose-leaved,) 
and Imhricata^ (imbricated-leaved,) may or may not be quasi-species ; 
but all of them being from Van Dieman's Land, are somewhat too 
tender and delicate for our climate. Yet, in a good healthy soil, and 
warm locality, or sheltered situation, it deserves a place as a distinct 
and interesting conifer. 

ARTHROTAXIS SelaGINOIDES: The Selago-like Cypress. 

This also is a native of Tasmania ; an alter ego of Cupressoides : a 
spreading evergreen bush, with forked or trident-like branches, and 
the branchlets covered with small, ovate, leathery, incurved scale-like 
leaves, which are somewhat convex and keeled ; at first light, changing 
to dark glossy green. It is somewhat too tender for the climate of 
Britain, and so is the quasi Tetragona, 

§ 3. CryptOMERIA: The Cedar-like Cypress. 

From KpvTTTog, hidden, and Mepog, a part; in some of its dis- 
tinguishing characteristics obscurely related to the Cedar, while in 
most more related to the Cypress. 

Flowers, male and female, upon the same plant, but separate. 

Leaves, generally disposed in five rows, alternate, sickle-shaped, 
somewhat four- sided, acute-pointed, persistent, and comparatively small, 
and minus footstalks ; seed-leaves generally in threes, sometimes in 
twos, sometimes in fours. 

Cones, small, globular, loosely imbricated, singly or in gregarious 
clusters on the branches ; minus footstalks ; seeds generally from three 
to seven under each scale and crustaceous. 

CRYPTOMERIA JapONIGA : The Japan Cedar. 

This is a Japanese, and a most distinct conifer, but it is all that 
can be advanced in its favour ; for although hardy enough for our 
ordinary winters, it is much too dainty and fastidious in its likes and 
dislikes of soil and situation; and will never succeed, much less luxu- 



60 



riate, unless in good, sweet, moist soils, or in a warm locality or well 
sheltered situation, where, if the sub-strata were basaltic, granitic, or 
stony debris, it would form a most handsome ornamental tree, and 
attain a height of fifty to seventy feet. Its wood is soft, short-fibred, 
very white, brittle, easily wrought, but not durable unless kept 
dry, or preserved by paint, and it is of no economic value as a timber 
tree ; but most useful as an ornamental one. 

There are several varietiesof it ; the most noticesLblQloemg Araucai^oides, 
(araucaria-like,) Nana, (the dwarf,) Variegata, (variegated-leaved), and 
Viridis, (the very green-leaved.) There is also an Elegans, a misnamed 
but somewhat distinct quasi-species, and a much less elegant plant 
than Japonica. 

§ 4. CupRESSTELLATA: The Star-coned C}i)ress. 

From Latin cujpressus, the cypress, and stella, sl star; a compound 
word, used to suit my purpose in an adopted term for the classification 
and nomenclature of this section of the numerous species of the S.D. 
Cupressinece. . Their star- formed cones, and the construction of them, 
being the distinguishing characteristic. 

Leaves, generally in whorls of three, exceptionally in twos or fours; 
disposed at acute angles, ovate-oblong, tapering to apex, but somewhat 
blunt-pointed ; broad at base, and minus footstalks ; small, but of 
various sizes, being from one to six Hnes in length, more or less spread- 
ing on young shoots, on adult branches closely imbricated : when 
young deep green, with two conspicuous silvery bands on both faces, 
but when old the glaucous hue and silvery stripes disappear, and the 
leaves assume a lighter, or yellowish-green colour. 

Cones, these are small star-like formations, being composed of soft 
glands or club scales; generally the three upper ones the most con- 
spicuous, the three lower ones the smallest, the three middle ones in- 
termediate and generally fertile or seed producing ; but sometimes there 
are only six scales to a cone. Seeds, these are also very irregularly 
disposed : generally three seeds are found under each fertile scale, 
sometimes the centre one attached to the scale, and the other two to 
the axil, while sometimes two are on the scale and three on the axil ; 
the seeds are generally erect, with an ample wing appendage. 

CUPRESSTELLATA PataGONICA : The Patagonian Star- 
coned C}^ress. 

This is of recent introduction, a very distinct conifer, and botanically 
considered a very interesting tree. It attains heights of from fifty to 
one hunded feet, but it is somewhat too delicate in constitution for 



CONIFERS. 



61 



our climate, and of no economic value as a timber tree ; but in a good 
healthy soil, a warm locality, and well-sheltered situation, it would 
form a very interesting and most graceful pendulous-branched specimen, 
in any collection of the firs and pines. 

§ 5. CuprESPINNATA: The Quilled or Feathery-sprayed 
Cypress. 

From Latin cupressus, the cypress, and pinna, a quill or feather; 
resemblance of their foliage or spray. A technically compounded term, 
used to classify and distinguish this section of the S.D. Cup>ressine(B, 

Flowers, male and female, generally on the same plant, but sepa- 
rate ; exceptionally together. 

Leaves, flat, linear, trigonal, awl-shaped, or scale-formed; in one 
species generally two-rowed, in the other generally scattered ; in the 
one species they are deciduous or annual, in the other they are sub- 
evergreen or perennial. 

Cones, egg-shaped, globular, or oblong ; more or less rough surfaced 
and ligneous ; seeds generally two or five under a scale ; variously 
shaped and winged. 

In this section we have two specifically distinct conifers ; a sub- 
evergreen and a deciduous species ; again, we have a small- sized tree 
and a dwarf shrub. 

CUPRESPINNATA DiSTICHA : The Deciduous Feathery- 
sprayed Cypress. 

Leaves, quilled or feather-like, having from one to three dozen 
leaves on each side of the quill or feather stem ; and on the shoots or 
branch stems the leaves are thinly scattered all round, while on the 
feather stems they are regularly disposed in two horizontal rows and 
closely set, somewhat overlapping each other, gradually diminishing in 
size as they near the point, forming a perfect feather ; the true or 
individual leaves are flat, linear, slightly twisted at base, tapering to a 
somewhat sharp point, thin-edged, and showing a small mid-rib on 
each face, but without silvery bands, of various sizes, from one-eighth 
to six-eighths of an inch long, and from one-half to one-and-a-half 
lines broad ; at first soft, light green, changing in autumn to reddish- 
green, and before falling olf assuming a dull, sombre red. 

Cones, roundish-ovate in form, and from one to two inches broad ; 
hard and uneven surfaced ; the scales are thick, raised in the centre, 
dull brown in colour, but somewhat striped with yellowish-brown ; the 
seeds are generally compressed, and two under each scale. 

This is a most distinct and beautiful tree, and popularly known in 



62 



PINACE^. 



this country as tlie "Deciduous Cypress," and was introduced into 
Britain from JS'orth. America two-and-a-quarter centuries ago ; but it 
has been more recently sent to us from Mexico, China, and other 
countries as a new species ; but in no case do these forms differ in any 
appreciable degree from the American form, so I place them as quasi- 
species of Disticha. 

This tree is found more or less plentiful in the low-lying grounds 
and swamps of the more southern states of ISTorth America, from the 
Delaware to Florida ; also in Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, 
and Virginia; and in Chapultipec in Mexico, where it attains 
heights of from sixty to one hundred and twenty feet ; while in the 
Chinese swamps it only attains to heights of from fifteen to thirty 
feet. Its timber is tolerably good, being strong, fine-grained, light, 
and, though non-resinous, yet somewhat durable ; but its slow rate of 
growth, and the limited dimensions it attains in this country, will ever 
prevent it taking rank as a timber tree in it. As an ornamental tree it 
takes high rankj its beautiful and peculiar foliage, which, during 
summer, is of a rich bright green, gradually changing, as autumn 
advances, to ruby or sombre red before it falls off at winter's approach. 
It is at any time when in foliage a tree of beauty, and materially 
increases the scenic effect of any landscape, however picturesque. I 
often think that had Dame IN'ature allowed this tree to retain its leaves 
throughout the year, still transforming the colours, she would have 
given a good illustration of — "A thing of beauty is a joy for ever;" 
or at least a perpetual pleasure, in an ever-pleasing, never-satiating, 
perennial-leaved tree. It will do tolerably well in any ordinary soils, 
but prefers moist to dry ones, and likes the valleys and the rivers' 
banks, a humid atmosphere, and shade. 

Its quasi-species, Mexicana, retains its foliage longer, yet it is not 
evergreen, but deciduous, and somewhat too tender for our climate. 
Its other quasi. Sinensis, is only an alter ego of its dwarf variety Nana: 
Of its varieties I mention Fastigiata, (fastigiate-branched,) Denudata, 
(sparse-branched,) Micropliijlla, (small-leaved,) Nana, (the dwarf,) 
Pendula, (the pendent-branched,) and Variegata, (the variegated, when 
found and kept so,) as hardy and useful for decorative planting. 

CUPRESPINNATA HetEROPHYLLA : The Various-leaved. 

Leaves, very various : — awl-shaped, ovate, scale-formed, oblong, 
triangular, and somewhat linear, can all be seen upon the same plant ; 
in size various, ranging from two to eight lines in length : equally 
variously disposed, alternate, two-rowed, imbricated, and spreading; 
acute and obtuse pointed, curved and straight, erect and decurrent, and 



CONIFEK.^:. 



63 



flat and round : all of these variable leaves, are, however, more constant 
in their colours, being of an ashy-green, or glaucous-grey. 

Cones, somewhat egg-shaped, tapering to base and apex ; scales all 
rising from the base of the cone, the lower ones small, those extending 
to the top being, of course, larger ; all of them having a stout blunt 
point on their outer face, more or less curved. 

This tree, nay, rather shrub, (for it never exceeds a dozen feet in 
height,) I term an oriental curiosity; sub-aquatic, sub-evergreen, sub- 
everything ; and in a sub-wet soil, sub-warm locality, sub-sheltered 
situation, it would stand a sub-English winter ; and be found a 
sub -superlative addition to a large collection of the firs and pines. 
Its sub-varieties are nil^ but its sub-synon}Tiis are numerous, to 
which I have now added one more in designating it Cuprespinnata 
Heteropliylla, 

§ 6. Thurifer^ : The Arbor- Vitae. 

From Latin TJius, Frankincense, and Fero, To bring forth ; 
derived from the Greek Qvov^ (thuon^) and 0£|ow, {phero,) or Xifjavog, 
(Ubanus,) doubtless from Hebrew, n3^'7- Hence the many Scrip- 
ture names for Incense, its production, and use ; likewise the 
many compounded terms employed in the classification and nomen- 
clature of this and the other sections, and sub-sections of the S.D. 
Cujoressinece : for it is from the leaves, spray, and juices of TJiuriferce, 
when submitted to pressure or heat, that the most peculiarly exhila- 
rating and fragrant odours are brought forth or produced : and which 
were so much esteemed by the ancients, and by them so extensively 
employed in their burnt-offerings, thank-offerings, and other religious 
and festive celebrations. 

Flowers, male and female, on the same plant, but separate. 

Leaves, generally in opposite pairs, four-rowed, small, scale-like, 
and inlaid or imbricated ; seed-leaves from two to twelve in number. 

Cones, ovate-oblong, round, or squarrose, with from four to ten 
scales to a cone ; seeds from two to five under each scale, and in some 
species the seeds are winged, and in some they are wingless. 

Sub. § 1. Biota: The Oriental Arbor-Vit^. 

From Greek, (Slotyj, life, Latin, Vifa, Tree of Life. 

The disposition of their foliage is by couples, — two and two, 
alternate on the stems. The name is also employed to distinguish 
the Chinese or Eastern, from the American or Western Arbor- Yitses, 



64 



PINACE^. 



there being two kinds; so, again, a new idea, two and two, or 
doubles : — Bino Tata, — Biota, one of tbe Paters, 

Flowers, male and female, on the same plant, but separate ; males 
numerous, somewhat oval in form, females globular in form and 
generally solitary. 

Leaves, minute scale-like formations, disposed in opposite cross 
pairs, closely overlaying each other, or imbricated in four rows ; bright 
green and slightly glaucous, or silvery on their lower face ; seed-leaves 
generally in twos. 

Cones, squarrose, rounded, or oblong : generally having from six to 
eight scales to a cone, the scales being disposed like the leaves in 
opposite cross pairs; spiny and leathery; seeds two under a scale, 
oblong but bulged, and when ripe minus wings. 

In this sub-section we have a numerous and beautiful group of 
small trees and shrubs, all- of them tolerably hardy, and not fastidious 
as to soil or situation ; most useful plants for ornamental planting 
whether in town or country. 

Biota OrIENTALIS: The Eastern Arbor- Yitae. 

This is the prototype of the group, a small, pyramidal, handsome, 
evergreen tree, attaining heights of from ten to twenty feet, and 
most useful for decorative planting, and garden embellishment. Of 
its many varieties and sub- varieties, the following kinds include all 
that is distinct, or worthy of commendation : — Argentea, (silvery- 
variegated,) Aurea^ (golden-sprayed,) Compacta, (compact or fan-formed,) 
Elegantissima, (a sub-variety of Aurea,) Glauca, (glaucous,) Gracilis, 
(slender-branched,) Monstrosa, (rustic-branched,) Nana, (the dwarf,) 
Fyramidalis, (the pyramidal-branched,) Pendula, (the pendulous- 
branched,) Pendida Variegata, (the variegated weeping,) Variegata, 
(yellow and green-leaved,) and Viridis, (the very green-leaved;) all 
hardy and useful as ornamental shrubs. 

Sub. § 2. LiBOGEDRUS : The very Fragrant. 

From \L(javoLQ, frankincense ; and KedpoQ, cedar : its fragrance being 
so rich that it freely imparts it to the balmy air. 

Flowers, male and female, on the same plant, but separate ; males 
somewhat cylindrical, females globular. 

Leaves, generally scale-formed, disposed in opposite pairs ; flat and 
glaucous, and silvery bands on both faces; the two horizontal or side 
rows of leaves the largest ; the opposite or uj)per and lower rows 
much the smallest, being very minute scale-hke formations. 

Cones, oval-obtuse, woody, ha^dng from four to ten scales, which 



CONIFER.^. 



65 



are flat externally and concave internally ; with a small spine on their 
apex ; the opposite base pairs small, the upper pairs larger, forming a 
small cone about half an inch long. Seeds small and two winged, but 
unequal ; one, two, three, or five seeds may be found under a scale. 

In this Sub-Section we have four real beauties, all so hardy as to 
enable them to stand the severity of an ordinary English winter, 
when grown in healthy soils, and in warm or well sheltered situations. 
The timber they produce is hard, tough, resinous, durable, and fra- 
grant, yellowish and ruby coloured : but they are of too delicate a 
constitution to be classed as timber trees for our climate. Beautiful 
shrubs or small-sized trees with us they are ; but profitable timber trees 
they never will be. 

LiBOGEDRUS ChILIENSIS: The Chilian. 

A most beautiful tree attaining heights of from fifty to seventy feet 
in the Andes of Chili : sometimes found branched to its base, at times 
with a clear straight stem and conical shaped head ; it has rustic, fur- 
rowed, ashy-brown bark. Young plants or trees of it with us are 
remarkable for their rich glaucous and silvery-green foliage, and their 
symmetrical gracefulness. 

There are also two varieties of it worthy of commendation — varie- 
gata and viridis, the former for its variegated leaves and spray, the 
latter for its rich green and non-glaucous foliage. 

LiBOGEDRUS DolOBRATA: The Hatchet-Leaved. 

This is a most loveable Fir, and was sent to us from Japan, where it 
attains heights of from twenty-five to fifty feet, having vertical 
branches, gracefully drooping at their tips. Its foliage and spray is of 
the richest glossy-green and shining silvery- white, rendering it a most 
truly beautiful shrub or small tree. It is tolerably hardy, but a good 
sweet moist soil, a warm locality, and a well sheltered situation are its 
indispensables in this country; warmth, humidity, and shade are 
its likes ; cold, drought, and exposm^e its dislikes : it well deserves 
a place in every collection of ornamental trees or shrubs where condi- 
tions necessary to its growth and development can be assigned to it. 

Like most of the Firs and Pines it is of a sportive character ; for we 
already possess Argentea, (silvery variegated,) Atrovirens^ (dark green- 
leaved,) Aurea, (golden-variegated,) Glauca, (very glaucous-leaved,) 
Gracilis^ (slender-branched, and small-leaved variety,) and Nana, (the 
very dwarf,) all of which are beautiful, and that in the highest degree. 

LiBOGEDEUS DoNIANA: Don's New Zealand Arbor-VitiB. 

In its native habitat attaining heights of from twenty to sixty feet : 



m 



PIKACE^. 



and althongli somewliat too tender and delicate in constitution, yet, 
in a good healthy soil, warm locality, or well sheltered situation, it will 
stand an ordinary English winter. Its under leaves are covered with 
a glaucous bloom, while the upper ones are bright glossy green in 
colour. 

LiBOGEDRUS TetRAGONA : The Tetragonal. 

This tree in its native habitats, the Andes of Chili and Patagonia, 
and Yaldivia, is to be found a pretty bush or a stately tree, ranging 
from ten to one hundred feet in height. It forms a more horizontal, 
four-sided, and irregular-branched plant than Chili ensis, and its foliage 
and spray are less glaucous and silvery, and somewhat lighter green 
coloured. Like its congeners, it requires the best soils, warmest 
localities, and most sheltered situations to ensure its growth in this 
country. 

Sub. § 3. Thuja : The Occidental Arbor-Yitae. 

From Greek S-ua, (thua) arbor ^ ^voq^ (thuos) odor : — from its being 
ever fresh and fragrant, and evergreen and verdant. 

Flowers, male and female, on the same plant, but separate. 

Leaves, very smaU scale- like formations of various shapes : awl- 
like, angular, rhomboid, flat, lanceolate, thick, sharp-pointed, blunt- 
pointed, or rounded ; of various sizes, from one-tweKth to three-eighths 
of an inch long, by one-twenty-fourth to one-eighth of an inch broad : 
all of them more or less imbricated and disposed in four rows : seed- 
leaves generally in twos. 

Cones, generally oblong, from one-half to one inch long, and from a 
quarter to half an inch broad : scales fleshy, double-margined, blunt- 
pointed, but somewhat reflexed at apex. Seeds angular, soft, and 
their wing transparent and elliptical : the scales are from four to eight 
in number, and unequal in size ; and the seeds are generally two under 
each scale. 

This Sub-Section includes the Occidental or Western Arbor- Yitaes : 
and all the species and quasi-species thereof are natives of western and 
northern regions of the globe. Consequently, all of them are perfectly 
hardy, sturdy, strong constitutioned, and quite at home in the British 
Isles. Few if any of them are capricious as to soil or situation, nay, 
they are rather accommodating, doing well in almost every description 
of soil if in a healthy condition ; and in any situation where plants or 
trees will grow : most of them, however, prefer and luxuriate in a rich, 
moist, loamy soil, and sheltered situation. 

Their timber is, with few exceptions, tolerably good ; but most of 



CONIFERiE. 



them are too small in stature and dimensions ever to be of any economic 
value as timber trees in this country : two of them, however, we have 
upon probation, which give fair promise of proving hereafter that they 
deserve to be grown for their tunber, Gigantea and Menzlesii ; for 
although their timber is somewhat soft in texture, yet it will be found 
to be tolerably tough and durable. 

Thuja Antarctica : The Dwarf Antarctic. 

This is a small-sized quasi-species of the prototype ; a curious, 
tufted, spreading bush, never exceeding a yard or two in height ; 
thoroughly hardy, and useful as an ornamental shrub. 

Thuja Gigantea: The Giant Arbor- Vitae. 

This is somewhat distinct, though related to its congeners, and 
likewise to that arbor- vitae-like cypress Lawsoniana. It is the 
" ]N'oo-wy-as " (Cedar) of the Xorth-West American Indians ; and the 
natives of Nootka Sound make their cloaks from its inner bark ; w^hich 
are soft, pliable, comfortable, and waterproof; its bark is also used in 
making their mats, ropes, sails, and for other domestic purposes. 

It is found more or less plentiful on the north-west coast of 
America, California, Columbia, and other parts, both in high and low 
situations ; attaining heights of from forty to one hundred and forty 
feet, v»^itli trunks from two to five feet in diameter. Its Avood is fine- 
grained, tough, porous, non-resinous, yet durable ; when young, white ; 
w^hen matured and seasoned, bright yellow in colour. 

It is thoroughly hardy, not fastidious as to soil, and no situation is 
too exposed or cold for it ] but it is of somewhat modemte annual 
growth. As a timber tree of the small-sized class it deserves to be 
planted in more or less limited quantity on trial, and it may be safely 
planted anywdiore in Britain as an ornamental tree. 

Thuja Menziesii: Menzies' Arbor-Yitse. 

This is one of Douglas's good things which he discovered on the 
north-west coast of America and California, growing to a height of 
fifty feet, having long flexible branches, thickly clothed with laterals 
Avell covered w4th foliage ; young trees of it in this country bid fair to 
rival our common forest trees in their annual rate of growth ; and 
from its hardiness and accommodating nature it seems doing well 
wherever planted in a healthy soil ; and it is undoubtedly the best 
grower of all the Arbor-Yitaes, and a fine graceful ornamental tree. 
Though its timber be somewhat soft and porous when green, yet, I 
think, from its texture, that when matured and seasoned it will bo 
tough and durable, and it well deserves to be planted upon trial as a 

F 2 



68 



timber tree ; and if it has not, it ought to have, a place in every pine- 
tuni or arboretum, and collection of trees, whether for use or ornament. 

Thuja OgGIDKNTALIS : The Western or American Arbor- Yitae. 

This is the prototype of the Arbor- Yitses ; a well-known, hardy, 
useful, and accommodating little tree, and has been more or less cul- 
tivated in Britain for the past two hundred and seventy years. It 
attains heights of from twenty to fifty feet, and may be usefully em- 
ployed in every description of ornamental planting, whether in 
arboretum or pinetum, park or pleasure ground, plantation or shrub- 
bery. The country is its situation, where it will make itseK at 
home; and for forming shelter or ornamental hedges, for domestic 
plantmg as screens or blinds, or for manipulation into rustics, gro- 
tesques, or plant statues, it is admirably adapted, for it endures to be 
cut and shorn with impunity. There are, as a matter of course, many 
varieties, and sub-varieties of it, but the only ones I consider worthy 
commendation are — Aurea, (the golden,)^ r^6?z^ea, (the silvery- variegated,) 
Densa, (dense-branched,) Monstrosa, (rustic-branched,) Pe?2c?z^Za, (droop- 
ing-branched,) and Pendula variegata, (variegated pendent-branched.) 

Thuja PliC ATA : The Plaited Arbor- Yitae. 

This is merely an altered form of Antarctica-^ having more tufted 
and stouter branches and shorter branchlets, which are more densely 
covered with small, ovate, blunt-pointed leaves; which are disposed in 
four rows, but so arranged on the stems as to give the branches a 
plaited appearance ; hence the name and the variety. There are of 
this kind a Pygmce, (very dwarf,) and a Variegata, (variegated-leaved. ) 
The parent, Flicata, is a native of JSTorth-West America ; plentiful at 
Nootka Sound, also in JSTorthern Mexico ; it is hardy and useful as a 
small shrub, and so are its two varieties. 

Thuja SiberICA : The Siberian Arbor- Yitae. 

This is a thoroughly hardy, sturdy, compact, well-built little tree, 
attaining heights of from eight to fifteen feet. It deserves to be 
more extensively planted as a generally useful shrub, for it is better 
adapted for many purposes than the prototype Occidentalis. There 
are several varieties of it, but I only recognise three. Gracilis^ (slender- 
branched,) Pendula, (drooping-branched,) and Variegata, (variegated- 
leaved.) 

§ 7. Yer^ : The True Cypress. 

In this section we have the Cypress in its true or original form — 
the trees which the ancients recognised as their cypress ; and all the 



CONIFER.^;. 



69 



sections and sub-sections of my S.D. Cupressinece are more or less 
closely related to them. 

Flowers, male and female, on the same plant, but separate ; in 
clusters or solitary. 

Leaves, scale-formed, linear, and spreading; in threes, opposite 
pairs, and singly ; persistent, four-rowed, and imbricated. 

Cones, small, globular, or shield-shaped ; ligneous, and generally 
solitary ; some more or less clustered together on the branches ; the 
scales are from six to twelve in number, and the seeds are more or 
less resinous, with membranaceous wings. 

Sub. § 1. ChaM-^EGYPARIS : The Ground Cypress. 

From Greek x^H-^^y (Chamai,) on the ground, and KuTrapto-o-oc, 
the Cypress tree. They are found in their native habitats in marshes, 
swamps, or moist low-lying ground ; hence they are called Ground- 
Cypress, Marsh -Cypress, or Water- Cypress, and popularly known 
in this country as the White Cedar. 

ChaM-^GYPARIS SpHCEROIDES: The Spherical Cypress. 

A most beautiful and distinct tree, attaining heights of from twenty 
to eighty feet, with trunks one to three feet in diameter. It is found 
more or less plentiful in the wet or marsh lands, and maritime districts 
of Maryland, ISTew Jersey, Virginia, and extending so far as Carolina. 
This tree was introduced into this country about 1 30 years ago ; it is, 
however, but little planted, though it be perfectly hardy, and not very 
fastidious as to soil and situation, and a most useful ornamental tree. 
As I have stated, it delights in moist and low-lying healthy soils. Its 
wood is soft, light, easily wrought, but not durable ; however, for 
standing the injurious effects of alternations of moisture and dryness, 
it has indeed few equals. 

There are several varieties and sub-varieties of it, but the only ones 
I commend are Atrovirens, (the dark green,) Argentea, (the silvery- 
variegated,) Aurea, (the golden-variegated,) Fastigiata, (fastigiate or 
upright-growing,) Glauca, (glaucous-leaved,) Gracilis, (slender-branched,) 
Nana, (very dwarf,) and Pendula, (pendulous-branched,) aU of them 
more or less beautiful and useful for ornamental purposes. 

ChaM^GYPARIS ThURIFERA: Frankincense-bearing Cedar. 

According to Endlicher, and other species-mongers, this is a taU, 
horizontal, and pendent-branched tree, found on the mountains of 
Mexico ; but, as I have not yet been to the said mountains, I can neither 
affirm nor contradict the existence of such a species or variety of the 



70 PINACE.E. 

" Marsh Cypress." Be this as it may, I have had plants and specimens 
of branches, leaves, and cones, furnished to me, and amongst these I 
found the old species Sphoeroides ; likewise, some of the specimens 
were Cupressus Thurifera, Biota Orientalis, or some of their varieties; 
and some of the specimens were Juniperus of sorts ; until, therefore, I 
find it, I leave it as it is, in the domain of fantasy. 

Sub. § 2. CUPRKSSUS : The Prototypical Cypress. 

Flowers, male and female, on the same plant, but separate ; males 
numerous and cylindrical, females roundish and solitary, or in clusters. 

Leaves, scale-formed, awl-shaped, ovate, linear, needle-shaped, flat, 
or angular ; also variously disposed, generally imbricated in four rows, 
in some spreading and sharp-pointed, in others spiral and blunt- 
pointed j of various sizes and all shades of light and dark, silvery and 
glaucous, powdery and shining, and of yellowish and blueish-green 
colours : and in some species, particularly on the adult branches, the 
leaves become brown and rusty. 

Cones, generally globular in form, from one-eighth to one inch 
broad, and one-quarter to one-and-a-half inches long; in clusters or 
singly, scales from four to twelve in number, angular, four-sided, five- 
sided, or rounded, generally with a more or less curved point at their 
apex ; seeds numerous, angular, obovate, or rounded ; with bony shells 
and membranaceous wings. 

Here we have a very numerous and dissimilar group, ranging from 
three feet to one hundred feet in height, nearly all of them sufficiently 
hardy for our climate; and most beautiful trees and shrubs for 
ornamental planting. The timber of most of them is close-grained, 
hard, high-coloured, fragrant, capable of receiving a high polish, 
and not subject to the ravages of wood-moths : in some species it is 
non-carbonaceous to a high degree, consequently very durable and 
indestructible. Their small dimension and moderate rate of growth, 
however, detract greatly from their otherwise good qualities as timber 
trees ; though, as will be seen from what follows, there are three of 
them that we have upon probation, as profitable timber trees, suitable 
for the climate and soils of Britain. 

CUPRKSSUS CalIFORNIGA gracilis: The Slender- 
branched. 

This is a graceful, small-sized tree or shrub, ranging from five to 
fifteen feet in height, being much influenced in its stature and general 
deportment by the soils and situations where it may be grown ; and 
also in the young state by the modes of propagation by which it may 



CONIFEEiE. 



71 



have been produced. It has, again and again, been sent home as a fine 
new species by travellers and collectors, who may have chanced to find it 
in some new or before unknown habitat in the north-western regions ; 
and, consequently, somewhat altered in appearance, but time and 
experience will eventually correct all this ; and many of the said-to-be 
species of Californian Cypresses will hereafter have to be referred to 
this or Macrocarpa, 

Attenuata, Glandulosa, Goveniana, Mac-Nahhiana, and Nivea, are 
at best but alter egos of California gracilis. 

There are also many forms or varieties of it, such as Fastigiata^ 
(fastigiate-branched,) Nana, (dwarf,) Pendula, (pendent-branched,) 
and Variegata, (variegated- leaved,) all useful and beautiful as orna- 
mental shrubs. 

CUPRKSSUS CorNEYANA: Corney's Cypress. 

This is a Chinese kind, and forms a very graceful little tree, a dozen 
or a dozen-and-a-lialf feet in height ; having bright green and more or 
less glaucous folia,ge, and slender drooping branches. It is much used 
by the orientals in their burial-grounds and around their temples ; it 
is the Weeping Cypress " of the natives ; and a very useful and 
beautiful shrub or small tree for ornamental purposes in this country. 

CUPRESSUS EXGELSA : The Lofty Cypress. 

A native of Guatemala, where it is often found one hundred feet 
high ; beautiful and delicate, but it requires the best soils and warmest 
localities in Albion's Isles to ensure its growth or development ; yet, 
Avhere conditions favourable to its growth can be afforded to it, useful 
would it be for its ornament and profitable for its timber. 

CUPRESSUS FUNEBRIS : The Funereal Cypress. 

This kind is of Chinese origin, and, doubtless, has been imported 
into that country from India. I have no objection to the name, seeing 
that any pendent-branched Cypress may appropriately enough be 
termed Funereal " or Funehris; but that this kind (at best but a quasi 
of Torulosa, more probably a hybrid, or, perchance, a seminal variety ; 
Avhen its history is published, or its character determined in this 
country) should retain this name, or be classed as a species I cannot 
understand : I care, however, but little, knowing, as I already know, that 
it will never be of any value for its timber, and of but little 
for its beauty as an ornamental plant in this country ; for, from all 
that I have seen of it, in the best soils and warmest localities, even i]i 
tlie "sunny south," I find it much too tender and delicate in 
constitution for a severe English winter. 



72 



PINACEiE. 



CUPRKSSUS KNIGHTIANA: Knight's Cypress. 

This is a Mexican ; where it is said to attain a height of one hundred 
and twenty feet, and a trunk diameter of three feet, and that its timber 
is excellent. Trom my experience of it under cultivation, and exami- 
nations of its ligneous tissue, I am satisfied it will falsify both these 
statements in Britain ; for, although tolerably hardy, it requires the 
best soils, warmest localities, and most sheltered situations to induce it 
to grow, much less to develop itself fully ; yet, in situations favour- 
able to it, a handsome, free-groTN^ng tree, with glaucous green leaves, 
brownish spreading branches, and feathery, glaucous and plum- 
coloured branchlets would reward its planter. 

CUPRKSSUS La WSONIANA : Lawson's Cypress. 

This is a distinct kind, though somewhat related to its congener, the 
" j^ootka Sound Cypress," both of which partake much of the Arbor- 
Vitae character. It is found in the valleys of Xorthern California, 
where it attains a height, of one hundred feet : the wood produced by 
it is compact, tolerably close-grained, clean-fibred, somewhat resinous, 
easily wrought, and when matured and seasoned, no doubt it will prove 
durable. This Cypress is thoroughly hardy, and seems to grow freely 
in most soils and situations ; and young plants of it grow so rapidly 
that we are planting it out, on a small scale, as a forest tree, in the 
hope that when it becomes matured, and is felled by the succeeding 
generation, it will be found to be good and profitable timber : few, if 
any, of the firs and pines are more easily propagated or increased, 
inasmuch as it is a most abundant seeder, producing cones as freely as 
foliage, even on young plants less than a yard in height. This, indeed, 
might fairly be assumed as an indication of constitutional weakness : 
but the apparently vigorous growth and robust habit of the plant, 
argue very strongly against such a supposition, and it roots most freely 
from cuttings. These characteristics will, doubtless, be the means of its 
being largely employed as an ornamental tree or shrub in this country ; 
and for such a purpose it is well suited, being, as it is, a most handsome 
tree, and when young a most beautiful shrub, since its branches are 
numerous and well-clothed with foliage ; and though inclined to grow 
erect, yet the leading annual shoots and the branchlets are drooping, 
and slender, and regularly disposed, rendering most symmetrical 
pyramids of rich gTeen spray ; or graceful pillars of plumes and 
feathers, particularly pleasing when thickly studded with the yellow, 
ruby, and green catkins in spring; and with the green and dappled 
brown cones in summer and autumn. There are already, several 



CONIFERS. 



73 



varieties of it, the only ones, however, worthy of commendation 
being : — Argentea, (silvery- variegated,) Aurea, (golden-variegated,) 
Fastigiata^ (compact-branched,) Glaiica, (very glaucous-leaved,) Nana, 
(very dwarf,) and Viridis, (very green-leaved,) all beautiful ornamental 
plants. 

CUPRKSSUS LusITANICA: The Portugal Cypress.* 

This, although introduced into this countr}^ from Goa, nearly two 
hundred years ago, was but little known until a more recent date, when 
it was sent to us from Cintra, Spain, and Portugal, China, and, more 
recently still, from California, Mexico, and other countries, as a new 
species. From its being found in so many countries it is not to be 
wondered at that we should find it very diverse in its appearance and 
deportment ; and moreover, it is a most variable kind, and very 
inconstant in its distinguishing characteristics ; for, when raised from 
seed, the plants will be apparently very different from plants propagated 
from cuttings of the same tree. 

It is a somewhat difficult plant to describe, inasmuch as it may be 
grown to one two three or four dozen feet in height ; and although 
generally a green and glaucous-looking, pendulous-branched tree, yet, 
in a young state, its branches may be spreading, flexuose, pendent, or 
erect, distant or close, brittle or pliant ; while its branches may be 
either flat or rounded, few or many, twiggy or smooth, spreading or 
erect, incurved or pendulous : and its foliage may be of all real, or 
fancied shades and tints, from the dullest green, to the most 
glaucous or silvery-white. It is also found in the variegated 
forms, so that to enumerate the varieties of the Cedar of Goa," 
which is in itself a conglomeration of varieties, would serve no 
purpose here. This Cypress, though distinct and beautiful, is 
somewhat too tender and delicate for our climate, but in good soil 
and sheltered situations, it is doing tolerably well with us here in the 
south of Hampshire. 

CUPRESSUS MaCROGARPA: Large-Coned Cypress. 

This is a beautiful and likely to be a useful kind ; it attains heights of 
from fifty to seventy feet, with a trunk circumference of from six to 
ten feet. It is sufficiently hardy for the climate of Britain, and will 
do tolerably well in most kinds of soil if in a sweet and healthy con- 
dition ; and ought to have a place in every collection of ornamental 
trees. It is to be found in two forms. Macrocarpa, when raised 
from seed, has a distinct, continuous, and erect leader with the side 
branches regularly disposed, and gracefully drooping, with very light 



74 



PINACE^. 



vivid green foliage : and Macrocarjja, when propagated from cuttings, 
is Lamhertiana^ which has not a distinct and continuous leader, hut 
in the young state forms a more horizontal, spreading-hranched, and 
bushy-headed plant with the foliage of a somewhat darker shade. 
There are likewise two varieties : — Fastigiata^ (fastigiate-hranched,) 
and Variegata^ (variegated-leaved.) It is a native of IvTorth-West 
America, and has been found plentiful in California. 

CUPRESSUS NUTKAENSIS : The I^ootka Sound Cypress. 

This is thoroughly hardy, sturdy, good in constitution, and in every 
respect well adapted for our climate, soils, and altitudes ; and a useful 
ornamental plant : somewhat resembling its congener Lawsoniana ; 
and, like it, partaking a good deal of the Arbor- Yitss character. It is 
found more or less plentiful along the west coast of JSTorth America, 
more particularly at '^Xootka Sound," hence the name, where it 
attains a height of one hundred feet. Its wood is white when fresh 
cut, yellowish when seasoned, soft and porous, and highly fragrant and 
juicy, but not very durable. It is well adapted as an ornamental 
plant for cold and exposed locahties ; vsince even under such conditions 
it would form a nice, erect-stemmed, spreading-branched, drooping- 
twigged, glaucous, or silvery -green, conical shrub or small tree ; fra- 
grant and aromatic as the Savin Juniper. There is a Fragmns form, 
which is also a beautiful plant. 

CUPRESSUS SemperVIRENS: The Evergreen Cyprus. 

This tree is well known by this name, though it might be termed a 
misnomer, inasmuch as semper — always, and virens — green, are the 
characteristics of all the Cypresses in this Section; nay, in all the 
Sections and Sub-Sections of Cupressinece, with the exception of 
C upresspinnata. 

It is found more or less plentifully in Asia, Greece, Persia, and 
Southern Europe ; also in India, and was much esteemed by the 
ancients both for its timber and ornament : in Italy it is much culti- 
vated, where some of the finest and largest trees of it yet found have 
been grown ; some of which are one hundred and twenty-five feet 
high, but from twenty-five to fifty feet are the heights it attains in 
Britain. The wood is comparatively fine-grained, compact, easily 
wrought, capable of receiving a good polish, and tolerably resinous, 
consequently durable. Like many of its congeners it is to be found 
in many forms, the most noticeable being the Upright" and the 
Horizontal-branched while of each of these again there are several 
varieties and sub-varieties; some remarkable for their rustic, robust, 



CONIFERS. 



75 



bushy growth. ; others for the erect, and closely inlaying or stem- 
pressing tendency of their branches : while some are drooping- 
branched, particularly at their extremities, with the branchlets more or 
less recurved and pendent : there are also the silvery and golden 
variegated varieties of it. 

It is somewhat delicate and tender, particularly when young; yet, 
sufficiently hardy, after it has established itself, to stand the severity 
of our winters ; the Indian plants, however, which are found in cata- 
logues and collections, named — Australis, Doniana, Sempervirens 
Indica, and Wliittleyana are, when first introduced, more fastidious 
and impatient in our climate and soils. 

CUPRESSUS ThURIFERA: The Arbor- YitEe-like. 

This is a Mexican kind, growing to a height of fifty feet, having 
dark green foliage, which is more or less glaucous when young, with 
long, spreading, flat branches ; the tree when old is generally found 
with the trunk clear of branches, having an ample, dense, rounded, 
and spreading head. Its wood is fine-grained, tough, tolerably resin- 
ous, and easily wrought ; but only moderately durable. A good dry 
soil, warm locality, and well sheltered situation, are indispensable to its 
Hfe and growth in this country ; for it is only under such conditions 
that it would be of any use to us in adding variety or number to our 
collections of Pinacese. 

CUPRESSUS TORULOSA : The Twisted-branched. 

This is the ^N'epal or Bhootan Cypress. It is a most beautiful tree, 
attaining heights of from twenty-five to one hundred and twenty-five 
feet : pendent and twisted-branched, straight-stemmed ; having nume- 
rous branchlets well covered with foliage, which is rich and glaucous, 
and greyish-green in colour ; forming a perfect cone : the wood is 
close-grained, long-fibred, elastic, somewhat too flexible, tough, resin- 
ous, easily wrought, capable of receiving a good polish, fragrant, and 
durable ; it is of a creamy- white tinged with rose colour when matured 
and seasoned. The best soils, warmest localities, and the dry est and 
most sheltered situations in this country are necessary to ensure its 
growing. There are several varieties, but I only commend three, 
viz : — Nana, (very dwarf,) Variegata, (variegated-leaved,) and Viridis^ 
(very green-leaved.) 

CUPRESSUS UhdEANA : Uhde's Cypress. 

This is a quasi-species of Thurifera, having somewhat smaller and 
more glandulous, and lighter coloured foliage ; and it is somewhat more 
hardy, and better constitutioned. In a good dry s'oil, warm locality, 



76 



PINACE^. 



and well sheltered situation, it would form a handsome small-sized 
tree, or large shrub in these isles. 

Sub. § 3. RktiNOSPORA : Eesinous-Seeded Cypress. 

Erom Greek pr)TivTj, retine ; Latin resina, resin ; and cTropa, 
s2J07'a, seed : their seeds being regularly coated with a resinous 
pitch. 

Flowers, male and female, on the same plant, but separate ; males 
cylindrical in form ; females small and rounded, generally both on the 
same branches and terminal. 

Leaves, linear, scale-formed, sickle-shaped, angular, flat, ovate, 
rhomboid, or rounded; some acute and some blunt-pointed, some 
spiral, some reflexed, generally in opposite pairs and four-rowed, in 
some in threes or fours in whorls : some spreading, others closely 
pressed to the stems; from one-twelfth to three-eighths of an inch 
long ; rich green in colour, and with more or less conspicuous silvery 
bands, some on the upper face, others have them on their lower face : 
all the leaves are very persistent, generally remaining on the plant for 
five or seven years. 

Cones, about the size of peas or small beans, ovate or globular in 
form ; at first yellowish-green, changing to yellowish-brown as they 
arrive at maturity : scales from six to twelve in number, wedge- 
shaped, angular, ovate, rhomboid, and woody : seeds small, resinous, 
and winged, generally two under each scale. 

We have, in this Sub-Section, a small group of real beauties, some of 
which are said to attain a height of one hundred feet in their native 
habitat, Japan ; yet, although, they produce good timber, none of them 
will eYQT be of any economic value as timber trees in this country. 
They are, however, most beautiful shrubs or small trees while in the 
young state; but all of them require the best soils, warmest localities, 
and best sheltered situations to ensure their life or growth in this 
country. 

RetINOSPORA ERIGIODES \ The Heath-like. 
This is a most beautiful, compact, conical, slender-branched, little 
evergreen bush, never exceeding a couple of yards in height. 
ReTINOSPORA ObTUSA: The Obtuse. 

This is the largest sized of the group, but it will never attain any- 
thing more than a large shrub or small tree stature in this country ; in a 
good soil, warm and sheltered situation, it will form a nice compact 
growing shrub. There are the following varieties of it : — Argentea, 
(the silvery,) Aurea, (the golden,) Lycopodioides, (clubmoss-like,) 



CONIFERS. 



77 



and Pygmcea, (the dwarf,) all of them useful for ornamental purposes, 
in soils and situations suitable for them. 

ReTINOSPORA PisiFERA : The Pea-Fruited. 

This kind is smaller in size, with slenderer branclilets, and darker 
coloured bark than the preceding one ; rich in its spray and foliage, 
and graceful in form. Its yarieties are : Argentea, (the silvery,) 
Aurea, (the golden,) and Pygmcea, (the dwarf,) all of them the 
prettiest little beauties the eye can look upon ; but good soil, 
warmth, and shelter are necessary to their life and growth in our island^s. 

RETINOSPORA SQUARROSA: Tlie Squarrose. 

This is a large bush, rich in its glaucous green foliage, and gracefully 
curved spray ; symmetrical in form, and a most beautiful shrub. Its 
varieties are : — Argentea, (the silvery,) Aurea, (the golden,) Leptocladus, 
(the small-branched.) All of which are pretty shrubs, but, like their 
congeners in this Sub-Section, all dainty in their choice of soil, and 
very particular about warmth and shelter, which are essentials to their 
development in the British Isles. 

S.D. IT. GiGANTABIES : The Giant or Mammoth Fir. 

From Hebrew Q'^pi^, or CD^*7pp ; Greek yiyaq ; Latin 

Gig as ; English Giant:" and Hebrew 13i^s, Greek aTrtoc, Latin 
Abies, English " Fir : " — hence Gigantabies: the Giant or Mammoth 
Fir. 

Homer's fantasy. — eXarrj ovpavofiriKriQ, " the Fir reaching heaven in 
height ! " (Odyssey lib. v, 222,) is, indeed, a 7rapa(j)pa(7ig of fiction, if 
not a TrpoffionoTToua of fact ; be this as it may, however, imagination, 
poetic fancy, and love for the Firs and Pines would well nigh 
indulge the idea that Homer well knew our Giant Fir. 

In this S.D. we have two specifically distinct, yet closely allied and 
cognate Firs : in their habit of growth, construction of ligneous tissue, 
formation of concentric growth, and in their floral organs, development 
and construction of cones and seeds, and their annual deposits of wood, 
longitudinally and transversally closely related to each other ; but 
difi'ering in a more or less marked degree, in these characteristics, from 
the other genera of Pinacese ; for, however truthful and correct the 
theory of annual concentric ring growths," in conjecturing the age 
of most of the Firs and Pines, it is as untruthful as it is untenable, 
in computing the age of G-igantabies — the very " Giants " — the 
veritable " Anakims " of Pinacese. 



7^ 



PINACE^. 



GiGANTABIES TaXIFOLIA : The Yew-leaved Giant Fir. 

Flowers, male and female, on the same plant, but separate; generally 
solitary and terminal. 

Leaves, the cotyledons, (seed-leaves,) generally tioo, exceptionally 
three or more ; the perfect leaves are various- — those on the main stems 
or leading shoots, distant, strong, and acute-pointed ; those on the cone 
or flower-bearing branches, close and thickly set, small, short, some- 
what imbricated or closely spiral ; those on the lateral branches, linear, 
straight, flat, leathery, persistent, somewhat blunt-pointed, and more 
or less irregularly disposed, in two horizontal rows on the stems ; 
shining, smooth, and green above, and more or less channelled, silvery- 
banded, and glaucous green below : of various sizes, — ranging from 
one-eighth of an inch to one-and-a-half inches in length. 

Cones, egg-shaped, rounded at base and apex; solitary and terminal, 
and from half an inch to one-and-a-half inches long : scales from one 
to two dozen to a perfect cone, irregularly shaped, — angular, wedge- 
formed, keeled, grooved, rough, and wrinkled : the seeds are also 
variously shaped and winged, and from two to six under each 
scale. 

This tree is a native of the JS'orth-West. The earliest published 
accounts of it that I have are by ^'Menzies," who records its existence 
in 1796. "Douglas" in 1836 mentions it, but for its introduction into 
this country we are indebted to the Eussians, who sent it us about 
two dozen years ago ; it has recently been found plentiful in CaHfornia, 
particularly on the Santa Cruz range, where " Hartweg " found that its 
average height was two hundred feet, with trunks from one-and-a-half 
to two dozen feet in circumference, straight, and clear of boughs for 
sixty feet from ground ; and one tree, called by the American settlers, 
"The Giant of the Forest," was two hundred and seventy feet in 
height, and fifty-five feet in circumference, at two yards from ground. 
Specimens of its timber have been exhibited as horizontal slabs fifteen 
feet in diameter, and showing more than one thousand ring growths, 
which has been taken as indicating its age ; but, as I have already 
stated, this theoretical rule, like most others, has its exceptions ; and 
this is one of those firs, which, from their peculiar mode of growth, 
making several and successive growths in a season, the ring-growths 
cannot be relied upon in determining, or even correctly conjecturing 
the age of the tree from its concentric rings. 

Its timber is close-grained, short-fibred, and very brittle, light, and 
not durable, unless kept dry or preserved by paint, yet it is not subject 



CONIFER.?:. 



79 



to "be infected with, wood-moths : it is ricli ruby red in colour, somewhat 
resembhng mahogany in appearance. It is hardy, and when under 
conditions favourable to its growth, it makes rapid progress ; yet, 
strange to say, I would not award to it even a third-class certificate as 
a timber tree for the climate of Great Britain and Ireland. It has 
some most serious constitutional defects, some of which it may yet over- 
come, after it has become thoroughly acclimatized, and if once we could 
obtain seeds from home-grown and healthy trees. I doubt much, 
however, if ever it will get naturalized to our variable climate, 
inasmuch, as it seems to have no particular liking to a fixed season for 
growth and rest ; always growing late in the autumn, and seldom 
maturing its summer growths in time to encounter our early winters ; 
being thereby always more or less injured, and predisposed in each 
succeeding season to produce a mass of spongy growths. Moreover, it 
is very irregular in starting, and likewise in making its annual growths ; 
and but few perfectly healthy or handsome specimens of it have I yet 
seen; for, even in the best soils, warmest localities, and most sheltered 
situations, which are indispensable to its growth in Albion's Isles, it is 
rampant and somewhat coarse in its deportment. It must needs, 
therefore, have a nurse properly qualified, a nursery specially constructed, 
a cook to prepare its food, and a doctor to correct any errors which 
may perchance be committed in " training it up in the way it should 
grow," before we can expect to find much true beauty, much less to 
find real utility or profit in cultivating this distinct and gigantic 
fir. 

It has no quasis, but varieties are beginning to appear, amongst 
which may be mentioned Compacta, (compact-branched var.,) Lawson- 
iana, (Lawson's large thick-leaved var.,) and Variegcda, (variegated- 
sprayed var.) 

GiGANTABIES WeLLINGTONIANA : Wellington's Giant Fir. 

Flowers, male and female, on the same plant, but separate ; generally 
solitary and terminal. 

Leaves, the cotyledons, (seed-leaves,) generally four, exceptionally 
three or more ; the perfect leaves are various ; on young plants they are 
somewhat needle-shaped, spirally alternate, spreading, and of a light 
green colour ; and upon adult plants or trees they are scale-formed, 
closely inlaid, more rounded on the back, and more concave on their 
inner face, while on the larger branches or stem-shoots, they are longer, 
looser, more acute pointed, more decurrent at base, and even at times 
obtuse ; on the branchlets the leaves are much shorter, and heath-like, 



80 



PINACE^. 



more closely and regularly imbricated, and of various shades of light 
and dark green, or yellowish and rusty-brown colour, according to their 
youth, maturity, or old age. 

Cones, these are from one-and-a-half to two-and-a-half inches 
long, by one to one-and-a-half inches broad ; woody, single or in oppo- 
site pairs, rarely in gregarious clusters, and generally at the tips of the 
previous season's growth ; ovate in form, tapering to apex and base, 
with the scales in series at right angles, wedge-shaped, and persistent 
at first, but somewhat deciduous when old. The seeds are generally 
in fives under each scale, particularly in perfectly matured cones ; they 
are, however, sometimes found in threes and fours ; the seed-leaves are 
generally in fours, but in some individual seedlings there are from 
three to six. 

Branches, these are numerous, regularly disposed ; much di- 
vided, and abundantly furnished with laterals ; the branchlets more 
cylindrical in form, and somewhat pendent, having the smallest, 
lightest green, and most glaucous foliage, while the cone-bearing 
branchlets are more thickened and thickly covered with the scale- 
formed leaves, which are very closely and regularly imbricated. The 
bark on the branchlets for the first season is entirely covered with the 
foliage, and in the second year is only partially visible, and in the third 
and succeeding seasons it becomes more and more visible, until the 
branches are five or six years old, when the leaves gradually disappear, 
leaving the bark somewhat rough surfaced ; and on the leading or stem 
shoot of young trees, the leaves, before disappearing, become much 
elongated, frequently from one to two inches, more like scales than 
leaves ; only free from the bark at their apex. On adult branches the 
bark is prone to peel off in thin, scaly flakes, particularly on the stem 
or trunk, showing in the rends or fissures the smooth polished surface 
of the inner rind. When matured and aged, the bark becomes very 
thick, varying according to age from nine to eighteen inches in 
diameter, and externally rough and rustic. 

Young trees of it form the most beautiful, symmetrical, and conical 
pyramids the eye can look upon ; while the pleasure is much enhanced 
by the ample spray and foliage, so harmonious in all the shades and 
tints of pale blue, yellow, and bright green colour. 

The existence of this tree was recorded thirty years ago; but the sensa- 
tional epoch of its modern history must be dated more recently; and to 
Mr. G. L. Trask, who exhibited specimens of it, particularly " The 
Bark " of the Mammoth Tree," both in America and England, are 



CONIFER^.. 



81 



we indebted for many of the apparently fabulous stories wbich have 
been told and published about it. This world-renowned "Bark" is 
now to be seen in the north transept of the Crystal Palace, where it is 
neatly and very naturally arranged on a prepared skeleton frame ; and 
the tree, called the Mother of the Forest," from which this bark was 
peeled, we are told, though then dead, still stood more than three hundred 
and fifty feet high, one hundred and forty feet to the first Kmb, ninety- 
three feet the circumference at base, and forty-five feet circumference at 
one hundred feet high ; be this as it may, however, the bark is about 
eighteen inches thick, and clearly shows that the tree which produced 
it must indeed have been a giant. Much has likewise been told us 
about the age to which this fir will live and grow j but the only test 
or proof of this that can be given is the concentric ring gro^vths, 
which, as I have already stated, like most general rules, has its excep- 
tions ; and this fir is one of those few kinds concerning which I am 
quite satisfied that, a few tens of years hence, trees of it will be cut in 
Eritain which, according to their concentric rings, will show an age 
]nuch greater than the date of its modern discovery; for although 
generally true and correct as a rule for computing the age of most of 
the firs and pines, yet, in this, and in the other species, Taxifolia, it is 
the reverse. Mooty though its age be, there is little of the mystic 
about its dimensions; for with such a cloud of witnesses, including 
such men as Murray, Black, Grosvenor, Eenny, and others who 
have visited the grove in Calaveras County, on the slopes of the 
Sierra l^^evada, near the source of the San Antonia, about two hundred 
and twenty-five miles from San Francisco, in Upper CaKfornia, where 
there lately were from six to seven dozen of these trees, ranging in 
heights from two hundred to four hundred and fifty feet, with trunk 
diameters at base of from ten to thirty feet, we have proof enough to 
establish the fact that it is, if not the giant of the vegetable kingdom, 
at least the giant of the firs ; hence my name Gigantahies ; and as I 
have dared to re-christen this big tree, I must needs give my reason for 
so doing. Wellingtonia Gig ant ea is at best but The Gigantic 
Wellington, and a lamentable misnomer for such a mammoth of a 
tree, and a compliment servilely paid to so great and good a man as 
the departed hero of Waterloo. That he was great the world knows, 
and history is not likely to forget the fact ; but that he was a corporeal 
giant I never fancied, though I never doubted that he was indeed a 
mental one ; much less would one believe him to have been a tree ! 
As, however, firs are matter, not mind, I treat of them in a material- 

G 



82 



istic way; and knowing well that had the chieftain of the chiefs in 
battle, the man of men in the arts of warfare, whose greatness con- 
sisted in his sense and system, who made men for places not places for 
men, who generally put the right man in the right place, and when 
right kept him there ; and who generally called a sword a sword ; who 
scarcely ever put the rider before the horse, or the private before the 
sergeant, or the sergeant before the captain, but had a place for every 
one and every one in his place ; had he, I say, been consulted upon this 
casus belli, Wellingtonia Gigantea versus Gigantahies Wellingtoniana, 
he would have decided in favour of the latter appellation for this tree ; 
and so methinks will all my readers of the practical and common sense 
class. Be that as it may, however, this naming of trees seems from 
the modern modus operandi to favour the idea that, that which we 
call " a rose by any other name would smell as sweet which being so, 
it may be inferred that, the mammoth fir by any other name would 
grow as big ; for our American cousins call it Americanus Giganteus 
and Wasliingtonia Americana; such nomenclature of the vegetable 
kingdom is pardonable, and may induce a smile, in the land of 
^' Shoddy " and " Oil Springs," where they " beat creation out of time;" 
but that Wellingtonia Gigantea should be tolerated by such a utili- 
tarian people, so thoroughly practical, and so professedly learned and 
refined as the British, seems a little paradoxical ; for such latinizing of 
a tree into a man or a man into a tree, or the egregious blunder of 
canonizing a departed hero into a giant who never was one, could 
scarcely have been perpetrated, unless the hyperbolic author of such a 
caricature was in the mental mood where pedantry is rampant; for 
methinks that Gigantahies WelUngtoniana, (Wellington's Giant Fir,) 
is not only more euphonical, but more in keeping with that oft 
despised virtue, common sense ; and more consonant with my ideas 
of the great and good, or the true and beautiful. The naming species 
or varieties of trees after men or women, or as complimentary tribute 
to a departed hero, I can perfectly understand and fully appreciate ; 
but to behold science, as it were, dethroned, and not unlike a syco- 
phant crouching on flattery's footstool, and language prostituted in 
such servile truckhng of Generic Titles ; which I consider the highest 
attributes ; nay, the natural birthright ; heaven's own gift ; and this alike 
with all names of genera, whether of the animal, vegetable, or mineral 
kingdoms : such trafiicking in Generic ^s^ames I cannot appreciate. 

This tree, then, is thoroughly hardy, though showing slight 
symptoms of constitutional disease or decay ; which, however, I am 



CONIFER.^:. 



83 



inclined to think will be temporary and transient ; and that its intro- 
duction into and cultivation in this country will be the means of 
imparting to it an invigorated constitution and a renewed term of 
existence. It is of very regular and rapid growth; and does well in 
any ordinary description of soil ; but prefers rather moist to very dry 
ones, in which latter it will not succeed ; it luxuriates in a good, deep, 
moist, loamy soil and a sheltered situation. 

Its timber is inferior to many of its congeners : with the wood of 
such a tree as the Deodar it cannot be compared ; to that of the 
Douglas Fir it is vastly inferior ; and is, even, far surpassed by that of 
the Corsican Pine : for it is short-fibred, light and soft, porous and 
brittle, non -resinous and non-fragrant, particularly when matured ; and 
it is not durable, nor free from incipient decay or wood- vermin : yet, 
notwithstanding these defects, I incline to the belief that it will 
eventually take rank as a third-class timber tree in the British Isles, 
since its wood, when compared with that of many of the soft, light, 
and brittle-wooded trees we now cultivate for their timber, will bear a 
very favourable comparison ; and, though I have no data, yet, I think 
that the quality of its ligneous tissue, grown and matured in this 
country, will prove better and more durable than that it produces in 
the richer soils and more congenial climate of California : moreover, 
its large dimensions afford strong presumptive evidence that it will 
produce at least quantity if not quality. For the purpose of testing its 
capabilities as a timber tree, adapted for general planting as such in 
these latitudes, and for affording the next or succeeding generation the 
materials for proving its value as a British timber tree, we have for 
some years past been planting it out in limited quantities amongst 
other common forest trees : and moat of these young trees are now 
beginning to develop themselves, and are rivalling the Larch, Spruce, 
and Silver Firs, and most of the common Pines, in their luxuriance 
and rate of growth. 

As an ornamental tree it takes equal rank with Araucaria Imhricata^ 
Cedrus Deodcu-a, and Picea Nohilis ; and no collection of trees can be 
considered complete without it. 

Although somewhat related to the S.D. Cupressinem, it is never- 
theless generically and specifically distinct from this and all the other 
genera and species of Pinacese ; and is a noble representative or pro- 
totype of my S.D. IT, Gigantahies, It has at present no known 
quasi-species, and but few varieties; but it is beginning to show a 
sportive tendency, and, no doubt, we will soon have elegant issimas or 

G 2 



84 



PINACE^. 



nohilissiinas, as we already have an argentea, an aurea, a compactaj 
and a viridis of Wellington's Giant Fir. 

S.D. Y. LariX : The Larcli Fir. 

'^o certain origin nor sure derivation do I offer for this name ; and 
after much, careful research, I venture no further hack than the Latin 
Larix, the which, however, I consider an appropriate, correct, and 
tenable term for this S.D. 

Flowers, male and female, on the same plant, but separate : the 
male catkins small and numerous, egg-shaped, minus footstalks ; the 
females larger, ovate, solitary, and generally erect ; the female catkins 
are generally red in colour, but there is a white-flowered variety of the 
prototype ; and at the present time there are to be found plants having 
white, yellow, straw, orange, and yellowish or whitish-green blooms ; 
and red, purple, brown, and reddish or brownish-green shades. 

Leaves, deciduous, soft, linear, flat, obtuse ; produced singly on 
the young shoots of young plants, and in bundles or clusters upon 
adult branches and old trees; being disposed in gregarious groups 
round a central bud, ranging from a quarter to fhree inches long ; at 
first bright grassy-green, more or less glaucous, and in the autumn, 
before they fall off, they aliernate through many shades of golden, 
yellow, red, and bro^TO colours. 

Cones, these are of various sizes, ranging in some species from a 
quarter to one inch long, in others from one-and-a-half to three inches ; 
in form oblong, oval-obtuse, cylindrical, or roundish; at first red, 
purple, yellow, or brownish-green, changing to yellowish-green; and, 
when they arrive at maturity, all of them become of a brownish colour : 
the scales of most of them are persistent, while in a few they are 
deciduous ; the seeds of some have a soft skin-like covering, while they 
most of them have a leathery or ligneous covering : and all of them 
are furnished with a winged appendage though comparatively small. 

Larix AlTAICA : The Mountain or Siberian Larch. 

This is merely an altered form of the common Larch Fir ; sometimes 
found much diminished in its stature, and in the size of its leaves and 
cones, often reduced to a scrubby bush; while it is, in some more 
favoured habitat, a very handsome stately tree, closely resembling the 
prototype ; all of which forms or variations are produced by the soil, 
altitude, and climate in which it is grown. 

Larix Amabilis : The Lovely Larch Fir. 

This is a Fir, luia e mitltis, which has caused no little consternation. 



CONIFEKiE. 



85 



and much disputation amongst botanic pedants, particularly the hair-split- 
ters; for according to some of them it is a nondescript; while others say- 
it is Abies Kcmijoferl^ and some that it is neither a Larch nor a Fir, but 
Pseudo Larix. That Abies, Cedrus, and Larix have more or less 
specific affinity no sane person disputes ; but as decency and gallantry 
alike should prompt us to courtesy, I do not insult beauty with such a 
barbarous appellation as Pseudo Larix Kcemjjferi ! for although the 
theorists say it is in posse ; I say in esse it is a Larch ; and a lovely 
one it is ; hence my present address to it is Larix Amabilis. It is a 
most beautifid and somewhat remarkable tree ; inasmuch as, though 
like the prototype in its leaves, which are deciduous, single upon the 
young shoots, and in clusters or bundles on the branches ; yet, they are 
larger and broader, ranging from one to three inches long, and from one- 
half to one line broad ; they are likewise more flat and delicate in tex- 
ture : and in spring and summer are of a pale pea-green, gradually 
changing, as autumn approaches, to a rich golden-yullow, and as winter 
advances they drop ofl". The branches are of a pale brown, while the 
branchlets or young shoots are of a rich yellowish-green, and its trunk 
of a dark or blackish-brown colour. 

In its general deportment and distinguishing characteristics it is 
undoubtedly a true Larch Fir, somewhat related to the Cedar in its bark, 
and to the Silver Fir in its seeds ; while in the formation of its cones it 
is to a certain extent related to the Spruce Fir ; yet, such nice 
drawn lines of demarcation and dexterous feats of hair-splitting in the 
scale of a cone, or in the angularity of a seed, or in the ineffable thickness 
of the membrane, or in the elongation or rotundation thereof, will never 
transform a deciduous Larch into an evergreen Cedar, nor a verdant 
Cedar into a Silver Fir ; much less aU three into one tree to be J^cleped 
Pseudo Larix. 

In China, its native habitat, it is said to attain heights of from 
eighty to one hundred and thirty feet, and that its wood is excellent in 
quality ; but such results will never be obtained by its cultivation in 
Britain; its utility in our climate and soils wiU only be for ornament; 
and in every collection where a good healthy moist, rather than too dry 
soil, a warm locality, and a well sheltered situation, where declivitous 
rather than flat surfaces can be afforded to it, with shade and a more or 
less humid atmosphere while in a young state, it would form a most 
graceful and amiable object in any group, park, or plantation of beau- 
tiful trees ; but, as I have indicated, the very best soils and warmest 
localities in Albion's Isle are indispensable to its growth, for it is more 



86 



PINACE^. 



fastidious than, and prefers somewliat different soils and situations to, 
the prototype, or any of the other kinds. 

LarIX AmkricaNA : The American Larch Fir. 
This tree was introduced to us early in the eighteenth century ; but 
even in the present it is but rarely to be found in any plantation, wood, 
or forest, in this country ] which may be accounted for by the mania 
for the European Larch Fir, which has run so high amongst us of late 
years. Compared with the European, the American is inferior in the 
quality of its timber, and is a less beautiful tree ; but a diseased Euro- 
pean Larch and a healthy American Larch will bear a more favourable 
comparison ; and as I hold that the common Larch Eir, in its present 
diseased condition, cannot be depended upon to produce good, sound, 
and perfectly matured timber in this country, and that it can only be 
profitably cultivated with a view to quick returns in the shape of hop- 
poles, fencing rails or palings, pit props, railway sleepers, temporary 
buildings, or other ordinary rural purposes, so, until we can obtain a 
new and healthy progeny of the European Larch, I give a place to the 
American Larch as a useful and profitable, though coarse-wooded tree, 
for the climate of Great Britain and Ireland. It is equally hardy, and 
of equally rapid growth, and, cceteris paribus, more so ; and quite as 
accommodating as to soil and situation; and would produce equally 
quick returns in poles, &c., as the common kind, though, as I have 
stated, the wood is somewhat coarser. Its cones and foliage are smaller 
than those of the common Larch, and its branches longer and less 
regularly disposed. There are several forms or varieties of it, the whole 
of which are comprehended in Microcarpa (very small-coned,) Pendula 
(pendulous-branched,) and Ruhr a (red-coloured,) which are hardy and 
useful enough in elaborate ornamental planting. 

Larix EUROP-^E a : The European Larch Fir. 
This most beautiful, and at one time valuable, and, even now, 
profitable timber tree, though so plentiful on the European Alps, did 
not find its way into Britain until the beginning of the sixteenth 
century, and for about a century afterwards continued scarce, and was 
but little known or planted as a timber tree, for at first it was treated 
as we now treat tender exotics — fixed into flowerpots and placed in a 
glasshouse. Popular tradition relates some good stories about how our 
forefathers managed it. The well-known and magnificent pair of 
Larches at Dunkeld, in Scotland, which were the first sent to the 
Duke of Athol, and were treated as tradition tells, soon became sickly, 
withered, and at length they were supposed to be dead ; when, like 



CONIFER^.. 



87 



most otlier plants so maltreated and mismanaged, they were consigned 
to their sepulchre — the rubbish heap but being only in a dying 
condition, and not, as had been supposed, dead, by this unnatural 
treatment ; and being now a little more at home, with a semblance of 
their native air, and favoured by a showery season, they revived, 
pushed forth new leaves, were again planted ; but this time it was in 
the earth, and minus a glass canopy ; henceforth they became vigorous- 
growing young trees; and getting "fat and full of sap," they grew 
and flourished until they were the best specimens extant in this 
country. 

So early however as 1629, Parkinson informs us that this tree was 
cultivated in England; and of the flowers he states that they were 
" very beautiful and delectable, being of an excellent fine crimson 
colour ;" a true enough description of the female catkins of the red- 
flowered, or most common variety. Miller states, in 1731, that it was 
" common in English gardens, trees at Wimbledon producing annually 
a great quantity of cones." He mentions both the red and white- 
flowered varieties. 

In the introduction and cultivation of the Larch as a timber tree, 
however, Scotland takes priority, and James, Duke of Athol, prece- 
dency. Yet, exact data is wanting as to the quantities and dates in 
which he first planted it; but it is a well-known and authenticated 
fact that between 1730 and 1760 he planted nearly two thousand 
trees, and that during his lifetime he planted more than fifteen thousand 
five hundred acres, which may safely be estimated to have required at 
least twenty-five million plants. The Earl of Fife planted nearly two 
hundred thousand plants of it, about the close of the last century, and 
many other Scotch proprietors planted very large quantities of it 
about the same date; of which, however, I have found no accurate 
accounts. The earliest English planters of it of whom I have authentic 
records are the Bishop of Llandaff, who, in the seasons 1787 and 1788, 
planted in Westmoreland nearly fifty thousand ; and John Sneyd, 
Esq., who between 1784 and 1795 planted about twenty-five thousand 
in Staffordshire. During the last ten years of the eighteenth century 
we find that other English planters, of whom we have .less accurate 
accounts, planted at least five hundred thousand of this tree. Yet, 
great though this number be, I hazard the opinion that it is not more 
than one-quarter of the actual number planted during the period 
referred to ; and out of this vast number, in the present year of grace 
it would be difficult to say how many of these trees may now be extant : 



88 



PINACE^. 



units, most probably, would represent the thousands, and tens the 
millions, were the actual truth known. 

As I have already indicated, it is a beautiful and useful Fir, attaining 
heights of from eighty to one hundred and thirty feet, with trunk 
diameters of from two to five feet. It is perfectly hardy, though con- 
stitutionally delicate, and of very rapid growth ; but it should never 
be planted unless in a sweet, healthy soil, rather moist than dry ; it 
prefers loamy, light mould, and porous, gravelly soils; and dislikes 
heavy or wet clay ; and will only starve and die in close, peat, or 
spongy marsh. A pure atmosphere, and declivitous rather than flat 
surface for its situation, so as to secure thorough ventilation, are 
essential to its growth in its best estate, much more so in its present 
diseased condition. 

Its timber is good, but it has been much overrated in its quality, 
even the best specimens which I ever examined, were very coarse 
grained, and though tolerably long-fibred, not very elastic, and most 
difficult to be wrought ; very subject to warp, not capable of receiving 
a high polish ; one of the very worst woods to season, and most 
certainly not an economically valuable timber, although, when sound, 
tolerably durable. Yet, for fencing purposes, pit-props, hop-poles, rail- 
way-sleepers, and temporary purposes, where unwrought timbers are 
required, it may be usefully employed; but now that there is scarcely 
a perfectly healthy or sound and matured' tree of it in this country, it 
is a most objectionable and dangerous wood to employ for architectural 
purposes, either in roofing or flooring ; for its fungoid disease will not 
only soon rot its own timber, but will soon infest and destroy all other 
woods contiguous to it in the same building, even to the furniture therein. 

An appreciable difference exists in plants raised from home-grown 
seed, and such as are the produce of Tyrolese-grown seed. For high 
altitudes and exposed situations plants from home-grown seed should 
have the preference ; while in low-lying localities and sheltered situa- 
tions the Tyrolese will be the most suitable, as it is more free and 
rapid in its growth, and produces equally good timber, though the 
plants and trees have a tendency to start their growth earlier in the 
spring, and are thereby more likely to get injured by late spring frosts. 
There is, moreover, an appreciable difference in the colour of the wood, 
when seasoned, of the red and white varieties ; the former is more ruby 
and yellow, the latter more creamy and white ; while both kinds, 
again, are much influenced by the soil and situation in which they 
have been grown. 



CONIFEK.^. 



89 



This Fir I take as the prototype or representative of the S.D. 
Larix, and excepting the Chinese form, Amabilis, — it is the most beau- 
tiful tree in the group. Of its varieties, the only ones worth notice 
are Alba, the white, and its many varieties ; and Rubra, the red, and 
its sub-varieties ; but all of these only differ from the species in the 
colour of the flowers and cones when young. There is also a Pendula, 
(pendent-branched,) Nana, (very dwarf,) and Rustica, (the rustic, or 
monstrous-branched variety.) ]S'o tree ever introduced into this country 
has been more extensively planted, and none has more quickly repaid 
the planter for capital and interest ; which fact, doubtless, is the true 
cause of the Larch Fir mania, which for some time ran so high, and 
which reached its culminating point about the beginning of the present 
century, when its merits Avere so highly extolled, its accommodating 
nature so freely abused, its rapid growth so injudiciously accelerated by 
every description of artificial stimulants ; for Larch ! Larch ! ! Larch 1 ! ! 
was the arboriculture password from Land's End to John O'Groat's ; 
and even our antiquarians and botanic pedants became affected with 
raving symptoms, and referred us to the Avorld-renowned woods of our 
venerated and enduring Cedrits Deoclara, as the lignine produced by 
Larix Europcea, Theory and practice, however, did not here agree; 
and practice in this, as in many other departments of the cultural arts, 
has put theory to the blush ; for we are now returning to the paths of 
moderation and common sense, and even descanting upon certain causes 
which have produced certain effects, which are popularly comprehended 
under the heading, "Larch Disease;" a subject now so thoroughly 
hackneyed that it has become perfectly nauseous. I hold, and have 
always held, that the Larch is not only delicate in its constitution, but, 
to use a familiar phrase, likewise predisposed to scorbutic disease, or 
that it is what might be termed a scrofulous-juiced Fir. Yes ; even in 
its pristine beauty, in its native habitats, and when in its best 
health, the symptoms of this disease will be found, and in such a 
degree as to be unmistakably visible, oozing to the tree's surface, 
whether in bark or foliage, and, as a matter of course, circulating 
throughout the entire system of the plant. I^eed we wonder, then, 
that this tree, so constituted, from such a climate, and such soils and 
altitudes, and treated as it has been since its introduction into this 
country : })lanted indifferently in any kind of soil, in any situation ; 
the demand for it for a time far exceeding the supply ; every means 
resorted to to obtain seed, no matter from what tree, altitude, or soil; 
no questions asked, nor instructions given the collectors as to quality, 



90 



hut many as to quantity — good bad, and indifferent, all cones were 
indiscriminately received — the seeds taken out, and all sown ; every 
means employed to stimulate and push, the seedlings forward in higKLy- 
manured land, and in sheltered corners, where the seed was so thickly 
sown that after braiding one half the plants were generally smothered, 
the other half so drawn up and imperfectly matured before the winter 
set in, that their growth was generally prematurely stopped, and 
thereby induced to start early a sickly growth,. and get injured by cold 
and frost in spring; then much too thickly drilled out into nursery 
lines, and generally left there for two years, or perhaps three or four ; 
then sent afield into the country, planted anywhere and everywhere, 
and again left to smother each other in the young plantations, thereby 
causing this originally delicate tree to be attacked by all and sundry of 
the enemies, whether animal or vegetable, to which it is subject ? 
Whatever we may say to the contrary, or whatever theories we may 
promulgate as to the cause of the Larch Disease," no other solution 
than unnatural treatment will tell the truth ; for to no other cause can 
it be ascribed but to injudicious nursing, and unnatural cultivation in 
stimulating a naturally excitable tree ; over-feeding the plants and 
stimulating and smothering the young trees, which before dying spent 
their remaining vitality to produce cones to leave behind them to per- 
petuate the species. These diseased and dying trees were too eagerly 
sought after by the seed-collectors, whose only object was so many 
bushels of cones, no matter what the quality of the seeds they con- 
tained. After, then, such treatment in the first instance, and after so 
frequently repeating it from diseased seed, can we reasonably expect 
that there should be any matured, aged, and perfectly healthy Larch 
Firs in this country at the present time 1 I do not deny that, so long 
as this rir deteriorates no further, it may be grown, and that very 
profitably, for many ordinary purposes where coarse unwrought timber 
is desired, but this is all that can be obtained from it; for in its best 
estate it is, though a useful and profitable wood, yet, coarse and 
inferior in quality; and even for quick returns, cceteris paribus, 
such a species of the S.D. Pinus as Corsica^ is superior to it. There 
is, too, but little prospect of improvement ; for it will require a long 
series of years before we can show a perfectly matured and sound 
specimen of Larch timber of home-growth. Still, a supply of selected 
not collected seed, from healthy, sound, and matured trees, and a 
rational system of propagation and cultivation, and judicious manage- 
ment in the plantations, might do much to mitigate, though it might 



CONIFERS. 



91 



not entirely remove, the "Larch. Disease;" for, however contrary to 
generally received opinion, I hold, that unless in the best and sweetest 
soils, the most undulating and high altitudes, and where the purest 
atmosphere prevails, even a healthy and perfectly sound plant would, 
if not planted out under conditions congenial to it, soon become a 
diseased tree. 

LarIX GriffitHII : Griffith's Larch Fir. 

This kind is merely an altered form of the European species, found 
in Sikkim in India, where it sometimes is dwarfed to a large sprawling- 
branched bush, while in other soils, altitudes, and localities, it is found 
attaining heights of from thirty to sixty feet. It is of no economic 
value for its timber, and but little use for ornament in this country. 

Larix LepTOLEPIS : The Japan Larch Fir. 

A botanical curiosity, sent to us from Japan ; where these 'cute 
culturists can show it as a nice, medium-sized tree, from thirty to forty 
feet, or a perfect pigmy in a lacquered box, or china flower pot, which 
they term priceless, being, as they say, Sapins a deniers (Tor, (Golden 
penny firs ;) and Mats nummularia, (Money pine ;) it is of no 
economic value for its timber, and but little, if any, for its ornamental 
qualities in the climate of Britain. 

LarIX OgCIDENTALIS : The Western Larch Fir. 

This is at best but a quasi-species of the prototype, found in ISTorth- 
western regions, either a scrubby bush or a tall handsome tree, like the 
common kind ; such varieties are the effects produced by the soil, 
altitude, and climate, in which it may be grown, and in none of its 
distinguishing characteristics does it differ from the European Larch 
Fir. 

S.D. YI. PlNGUECER^ : The Wax Pine Tribe. 
From Latin Pingais, fat or resinous, and Cerea, wax: which latter 
is clearly from the Greek Kripog. The Hebrew, Sjn, cerce ; or Sanskrit, 

"^T^^ indkshada, are the terms for " wax," and the Hebrew 
?D£i'^D? P^'^9^fe; and Greek, Trax^c, Latin, ^:)2?2^7?m^, fat or fatness; inas- 
much as their juices are richer and more waxy, or amber-like, than any 
of the other S.D. of Pinacese : and, moreover, the species in this S.D. 
are all more or less related in their ligneous tissues and juices, and 
rich, ample, and massive foliage; though in their floral organs and modes 
of fructification they are not so closely related to each other; yet, parti- 
cularly in their wax or amber-like secretions, more or less specifically 
distinct from the other genera of Coniferse. 



92 



PINACE^. 



Mowers, male and female, in most species on separate plants, yet, in 
some species on the same plant, but separate. 

Leaves, from half an inch to six inches long, lanceolate, ovate, flat, 
broad, awl-shaped, and generally sharp-pointed, imbricated, spreading, 
rigid, and perennial or evergreen ; and of the very richest shades and 
tints of light or dark green, more or less glaucous, glossy, or shining 
and polished, while in a few of the species they are, particularly when 
old, of a dark sombre brown or rusty colour. 

Cones, generally large, but ranging from one to nine inches long, 
singly or in clusters, globular or spherical in form and generally 
terminal; seeds large and numerous, sometimes three hundred in a 
cone of some of the species, some of which are large, nutritious, and 
good for and used as food; some species have winged and some 
wingless seeds, while some are free and some attached. 

§ 1. Ar AUG aria: The Chilian Wax Pine. 

So named from the prototype, Lnbricata, being found in such large 
numbers as to form vast forests on the Chilian Andes, where the 
Araucanians use its seeds as food. 

Flowers, male and female, on separate plants. 

Leaves, from half an inch to two inches long; scale-like, persistent, 
and broadest at base, in some species awl-shaped, in others linear or 
lanceolate ; in some alternate, others somewhat two-rowed, and some 
in whorls and imbricated, some round, some needle-shaped, others flat, 
straight, smooth, and very sharp-pointed ; some dark green, some 
light green, some shining, others glaucous. 

Cones, those of the broad-leaved species are large, from six to nine 
inches long, and nearly as broad as long ; seeds from one to three inches 
long, and about half as broad as long. Those of the needle-leaved species 
are smaller, from three to six inches long, and nearly as broad as long. 

AraUGARIA BidWILLI: Eidwell's Araucaria. 

This kind is a quasi-species of the broad-leaved Chilian, differing 
from its congeners in the disposition of its leaves, which are from one- 
and-a-half to two inches long on young plants, and generally disposed 
in two rows on the shoots ; while they are from one-half to one inch long 
on adults, those on the stems alternate, those on the branchlets some- 
what two-rowed. In its native habitat, Australia, it forms a beautiful 
tree, from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet in height, 
producing good durable timber ; but it is much too delicate and tender 
to stand unprotected in Britain. 



CONIFERiE. 



93 



ArAUCARIA BrASILIKNSIS : The Brazil Araucaria. 

Another handsome kind, having lanceolate shariD-pointed leaves, one 
to two inches long, glaucous below and bright sliining green above, 
with whorled branches forming a pyramidal tree, ranging from fifty to 
one hundred feet. There is also a more robust form of it, (Bidolfiana,) 
and likewise a more slender-branched variety, f Gracilis J but all of them 
are much too tender for our English climate. 

Araucaria ExGELSA: The Lofty Araucaria. 

This is the prototype of the small or needled eaved kinds. 

Leaves, somewhat awl-shaped, four-sided, compressed, curved, and 
thick ; from half to one inch long, generally obtuse-pointed, and when 
old somewhat imbricated, and of a rich light green colour. 

Cones, globular in form, large, erect, long footstalked, brown in 
colour, and from four to six inches diameter at their broadest part ; 
seeds large, thick at top, and thin on the edges, with the wing 
appendage broad. 

Branches, in regular verticillate whorls, straight and spreading, but 
slightly curved at the tips, the laterals opposite or alternate, somewhat 
in two rows along the branch stems, slender, undivided, drooping 
or horizontal. 

This most noble and majestic pine is at present found in Australia ; 
most plentiful, however, on ]N"orfolk Island ; hence its popular English 
name, ^^JS'orfolk Island Pine." It attains heights of from one hundred 
to two hundred feet, with trunk diameters of from six to twelve feet, 
forming a handsome tree, with a clear stem, and somewhat rounded 
but tapering head. Of this species there are two quasi-species, viz : — 
CooJcii, (Captain Cook's Araucaria,) which has somewhat smaller cones, 
and less regularly disposed foliage, and is found in Aniteura, l^ew 
Hebrides, and IS"ew Caledonia; and Cu7iningJiamil, (Cunningham's 
Araucaria,) which has more sharp-pointed, rigid, smooth, shining, and 
dark green leaves, disposed all round the branch stems, with cones of a 
round or globular form about three inches in diameter. Of these 
quasi-species there are, again, some varieties, such as Glauca, (glaucous- 
leaved,) and Longifolia, (long-leaved j) all of them beautiful, but 
unfortunately much too delicate and tender for an ordinary English 
winter; but when in a young state they are most useful plants for 
the decoration of Crystal Palaces, Glass Mansions, or Conserva- 
tories ; and are well deserving a place in such structures in this 
country where fine-foliaged or remarkably beautiful plants are 
cultivated. 



94 



PINACE^. 



AraUGARIA ImbrIGATA: The Imbricated Araucaria. 

So named from the disposition of its noble and ample foliage. It is 
the prototype of the large or broad-leaved Araucarias. 

Leaves, in whorls of from six to nine in number, ovate-lanceolate, 
spiral, rigid, straight, concave, smooth, polished, very sharp-pointed, 
and of a shining, deep, rich green in colour : from one-half to two inches 
long, minus footstalks, and persistent, remaining on the tree for many 
years ; most beautifully and regularly imbricated on the branch stems, 
and in texture tough and gristly. 

Cones, large, globular, dark brown in colour; from six to nine 
inches broad, and nearly as long as broad, having numerous scales, 
which are wedge-shaped, curved at the ends, and when ripe deciduous; 
seeds large, somewhat rhomboid in form, from one to two inches long, 
having a long tapering tail ; each cone produces from two hundred to 
three hundred seeds, which generally are found in twos under each scale. 

This most remarkable pine is, in so far as beauty or grandeur is 
concerned, if not king of the pines, at least one of the greatest nobles 
of Pinacese. If I might use a suggestive and not inapplicable com- 
parison, I would say that in majesty and mien it as far transcends its 
congeners in the vegetable kingdom as man does his siniial caricatures 
in the animal kingdom. Unlike all its kindred in this section, whether 
small or broad-leaved, it is perfectly hardy, sturdy, good in constitution, 
and quite at home in Albion's Isles and climes ; not capricious as to 
soil or situation, but rather accommodating; doing well in most kinds 
of soil if in a sweet and healthy condition, unless, indeed, in such as 
are marshy, sour, wet, or stagnant. ^Nature evidently intended this 
tree for a country life, inasmuch as we seldom see a perfectly healthy, 
rich-coloured, massy-foliaged, clean and shining-faced specimen of it in 
towns or cities, or where there is a smoky or impure atmosphere. It 
is a native of the Andes of Southern Chili, where the Araucano 
Indians call it Peliuen or " Monkey Puzzle Pine," as these animals are 
prevented from climbing the trees by the branches being so thickly 
clothed with the sharp-pointed and rigid leaves. The natives of Chili 
use the seed-kernels as food, fresh, roasted, and boiled; they are also 
ground into flour, and a spirituous liquor is distilled from the seeds, all 
of which staples or manufactures are not only consumed by themselves, 
but are likewise sent to Yaldivia and Valparaiso. It attains heights 
of from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet, and its wood is 
tolerably good, being hard, fibrous, easily wrought, capable of receiving 
a good polish, comparatively durable ; and a creamy-white in colour, 



CONIFERS. 



95 



somewliat striated with yellowish-ruby veins or bands ; but for general 
utility it is rather too heavy. In its annual growths it generally pro- 
duces its terminal or leading shoots in alternate years, and the same in 
its laterals or side shoots, each series of growths being in alternate 
seasons, which gives the branches and branchlets of this tree their 
regular and uniform disposition on the tree ; and the branches being 
arranged in verticillate whorls, with their stems horizontal and their 
tips ascending, their laterals long, somewhat slender, regularly divided, 
and generally in opposite pairs, their branchlets undivided, cylindrical, 
and well covered with the gorgeous green foliage ; all this gives us a 
perfect model of an open-branched, fine-foliaged, and symmetrically 
beautiful pine. Ornament is its use, however, for its wood would not 
prove to be profitable in this country ; and any collection of orna- 
mental trees, great or small, where one or more specimens of this tree 
is not found cannot be worthy the name of a fine collection of trees ; for 
this is indeed one of the very finest and most ornamental trees in the 
vegetable kingdom. It is to be found in several forms or varieties, 
particularly when in a young state ; but the only constant or truly 
distinct varieties of it I have yet seen are the Femina, female, and 
Mascula, male ; and its Variegata- or variegated variety, — a most super- 
latively beautiful plant. 

ArauGARIA Rulei : Eules' Araucaria. 

This kind has but recently been discovered in Australia, and is at 
best but a quasi-species of the Chilian or prototype Imhricaia^ to which 
it is more closely related than to either of its congeners Bid well's and 
the Brazil Araucaria, but a much smaller-sized tree than any of them, 
attaining heights of from forty to fifty feet, with its branches extend- 
ing from twenty to twenty-five feet in diameter. 

It may be summarized as a small-sized, numerous-branched, dense- 
formed variety of the Chilian Pine. Being, as it is, thoroughly tender, 
it is of no economic value in this country, neither for profitable nor 
ornamental planting. 

§ 2. Dammara : The Indian Wax Pine. 

Dammar, or Dammar-puti, or Dammar-hatu are the names applied 

to this pine by the native Malays ; which may be from the Sanscrit ^T, 

Da; or, Deva; and '^'^^ Aiirra, or ^T"^? Ahmra, from its 

being esteemed as a " Sacred Tree " by the Ambonians ; or it may be 
from Damma,'' an ancient town of Serica; and Amra,'' a tree, a 



96 



PINACE^. 



name applied by the Seris or primitive settlers from Catay or China ; 
wMle the natives of Zealand call their Wax Pines "Kouri;" and 
the settlers call it "Cowrie Pine;" all of which vernacular designa- 
tions are again found in as many dialects as the countries where 
the wax pines have their habitats, whether in the East India or the 
Peejee Islands, or JSTew Guinea or Kew Zealand. All however, of 
which names are traceable to ceraceous resine; and which may be from 
Greek Ktpoc "wax," or Sanscrit "wax," and Amra^ "a 

tree," or Ahmra, "immortal;" from the large quantity of soft, trans- 
parent, glutinous, and ceraceous juice which these pines produce, and 
which when dried is hard as adamant, and amber or wax-like ; hence 
my name Pinguecerce for the S.D. to which Dammara belongs. 

Flowers, male and female, solitary and on separate plants. 

Leaves, of various sizes, from one to seven inches long, lanceolate, 
linear, oblong, or elliptic; somewhat sessile; opposite or alternate, 
sharp or blunt-pointed, and more or less flat and leathery ; of various 
degrees of light and dark, and of yellowish or brownish-green shades 
of colour. 

Cones, ovate or globular in form, from two to four inches long, 
axillary and with footstalks, scales thick and persistent, seeds generally 
free, singly, or in pairs, more or less winged, and of a brownish colour. 

Dammara AustraLIS : The IS"ew Zealand Kouri. 

A large, handsome tree, attaining heights of from one hundred to 
one hundred and fifty feet, being surcharged with a very hard, brittle, 
copal-lilvc juice. It has also a Glauca^ (glaucous -leaved,) and Ohtusa, 
(obtuse-leaved form;) all of which are much too tender for an 
English winter. 

Dammara MooRI: Moore's Dammara. 

This is said to be a small-sized, erect- stemmed, and compact-growing 
kind; with long, slender, lanceolate leaves, found in ^sTew Caledonia. 
Never having seen it, I can neither assent nor dissent to its being either 
a species, quasi-species, variety, or sub-variety ; but methinks whatever 
it may be, it will be thoroughly tender in such a climate as ours. 

Dammara OrientalIS : The Western or Amboyna Kouri. 

This is a large spreading tree, in the Molucca Islands, Java, and 
Eorneo, attaining heights of from eighty to one hundred and thirty 
feet ; with its branches vertically disposed, and tolerably well clothed 
with thick, glabrous, and glaucous green foliage : remarkable for its 
abundance of transparent wax -like resin, which is frequently found 
hanging from the branch-stems and trunks like icicles. This tree is 



COls^IPER^. 



97 



much esteemed by the Malay tribes, and there are the following quasi- 
species and varieties of it, viz : — Alha, (the whitish-leaved and ashy- 
grey-barked,) Macrophylla, (the large or long-leaved,) and Ovata, 
(the ovate-leaved,) one and all of which are too tender for our 
latitudes. 

DamMARA VitiENSIS : The Feejee Wax Pine. 

A kind of which I have seen nothing but the published accounts of 
our botanical instructors ; and should it prove to be distinct, it will 
likewise prove to be delicate ; as one and all of them are so in the 
climate of Great Britain and Ireland. 

§ 3. RaXOPITYS : The Eacem-Flowered Wax Pine. 

Prom pa£o, a racem or cluster; and Trtruc, a pine tree; its male catkins 
being produced in racems or clusters. 

This species and its varieties cannot be classed with any of the other 
three Sections of the Wax Pines, inasmuch as, although closely related 
to the Araucarias ; yet, in its floral organs, and in the formation 
and disposition of its cones, scales, bracts, and seeds, it is distinct from 
any of them. 

Flowers, male and female on the same plant, but generally on sepa- 
rate branches ; male catkins numerous, in close clusters on the tips of 
the branches : the females terminal, generally in vertical clusters 
round the tips of the branches, but frequently found solitary or twos 
together. 

Leaves, from one to two inches long ; alternate, lanceolate, accu- 
minate, coriaceous, flat, and rigid ; of a bright yellowish-green colour, 
and more or less glaucous and shining, more particularly on their 
under surface. 

Cones, from one to two inches long, and nearly as broad ; persis- 
tent, ovate or globular in form ; the scales or quasi-scales, bracts or 
quasi-bracts, squamous or quasi squamous of this cone are a puzzle 
which is still in posse amongst botanic savans, but in esse the cone 
has scales like other cones, and under each of these scales will gene- 
rally be found three ovate-elliptic seeds, with the wing appendage 
' surrounding the shell, and the kernel composed of two oblong lobes or 
cotyledons. 

RaxOPITYS CunniNGHAMII: Cunningham's Eacem-Plowered 
Pine. 

This Pine was introduced to us from China, about the beginning of 
the present century. It attains heights of from twenty-flve to fifty 

H 



98 



feet, having numerous and irregularly disposed branches. It some- 
what resembles the Araucaria Imhricata, having lanceolate, flat, 
spreading, pungent, and glossy green foliage ; hut it is a much less 
majestic tree, and more delicate in constitution. There are some nice 
specimens of it extant in this country at the present time, the best of 
which are in warm localities, but in cool and shady situations, and in 
SAveet sandy loam, or moist sandy soils ; but it will only languish and 
die in low-lying or wet places. As a timber tree it cannot be classed, 
but where a soil and situation congenial to its nature can be afforded 
to it, then would it be found a useful addition to any collection of 
ornamental trees. There is a glauca, (glaucous-leaved variety,) which 
is also useful enough as an ornamental plant. 

§ 4. SCIADOPITYS : The Whorl-Leaved or Umbrella Pine. 

Erom Greek GKiaq, signifying " shade," from the leaves being dis- 
posed in umbragenous whorls on the branch stems; and ttltvqj a 
" pine." 

Flowers, male and female, on the same plant, but separate ; male 
catkins terminal, females solitary, amid the scaly buds. 

Leaves, from two to four inches long, smooth, persistent, linear, 
flat, and obtuse-pointed ; in regular whorls of from twenty-five to fifty 
in number at the branch knots, the nodes formed by each season's 
growth; their upper face is smooth and minus stomata or breathing- 
p les, while their under surface is channelled and thickly dotted with 
epidermous pores : at first yellowish-greeu, and as they arrive at 
maturity they become of a sombre green colour. 

Cones, from two to three inches long, and about half as broad as 
long ; scales wedge-shaped, persistent, thin, leathery, and imbricated ; 
seeds elliptic in form, with a membranaceous brown wing ; and 
from five to nine seeds under each scale ; the cones are of a dingy 
brown colour ; require two years' growth to mature and ripen the 
seeds. 

Branches, alternate and verticillate, horizontal and spreading, 
having cylindrical branchlets, with a whorl of leaves at their tips ; 
and the laterals have two, three, or four of these whorls of leaves at the 
terminations or junctions of the last two, three, or four years' growth : 
and when in the fifth year's growth of the branch the four-year-old 
umbrella, parasol, or whorl of leaves generally falls ofi" : the buds are 
terminal, and covered with imbricated scales, Avhich, after the buds 
expand and form the season's whorl of leaves, fall off. 



CONIFERiE. 



99 



SCIADOPITYS Verticillata: Whorl-Leaved Pine. 

If puffing were a good guarantee, and a legal tender for the qualifica- 
tions of a new Pine, we should have had no reason to doubt that this 
was to be a first-class timber, and a ne plus ultra ornamental tree. It 
is, however, only a few years since it was introduced to us from China 
and Japan ; and all that has been said about it for home utility or 
decoration is merely matter of conjecture. We have it, however, upon 
its trial ; and as opinions are free contributions, I give mine, which 
is : — that it is not so constitutionally hardy, nor so accommodating in 
its choice of soil or situation as ever to be of any economic value as a 
timber tree in this country ; and that to be of utility as an ornamental 
Pine, we must give it the most sweet and healthy, loamy, sandy, 
gravelly, or porous soils, and an open free substratum ; a warm locality, 
and a well sheltered situation, so as to grow and develop itself in 
Albion's Isles ; for in cold, wet, or sour soils, it wiU languish and 
perish ; and in burning sands, or very dry places it soon dies : it is 
fastidious to a degree as to dryness or moisture, exposure or over 
shelter, and soil or substrata. It is, nevertheless, a most distinct Pine, 
and ought to be tried by all planters who may have a soil and situation 
in theu^ pinetums or arboretums congenial to it ; for if it can be 
induced to grow, it would add much to the interest and variety of any 
collection of the Firs and Pines, however rich in genera, species, or 
varieties it might be. Travellers and botanists who have treated of 
this tree, inform us that it attains heights of from fifteen to one 
hundred and fifty feet, and that the Chinese and Japanese have several 
varieties, both in the giant and pigmy forms ; also large and small- 
leaved kinds ; and some very beautifully variegated-leaved forms ; a 
few of which are now extant in this country. 

S.II. VIL Pmus: The Pine. 

The derivation of this term has already been given at page 2-5. 

Flowers, male and female, on the same plant, but separate ; the 
males generally in masses, clusters, or spikes, rarely solitary ; the 
female catkins solitary, in opposite pairs, in Avhorls, or in gregarious 
clusters, and generally terminal. 

Leaves, these are of various sizes, ranging from under one inch to 
over one foot in length, variously disj)osed, but generally in sheaths of 
twos, threes, and fives, yet exceptionally found in various numbers 
up to nine, and in some cases I have found more in a sheath ; while at 
times and in a few species some are found singly, and minus sheaths, 

H 2 



100 



and even on the same tree they may be found in bud-like clusters or 
bundles, each containing various numbers of leaves ; their seed-leaves 
are also very variable in number. 

Cones, of various sizes, ranging from less than an inch to over 
a foot in length, and from half an inch to six inches broad ; they are 
also variously formed : conical, cylindrical, oblong, or roundish and 
ligneous ; scales numerous and imbricated ; the seeds being somewhat 
oval in form, having hard, bony shells, and farinaceous albuminous 
kernels ; in some species winged, and in some they are wingless. 

This is the most numerous in species and quasi-species, and amongst 
themselves as a family or S.D., excepting perhaps Cupressinece. 
the most apparently dissimilar yet cognate group of Pinacese. 
In their native habitats they have a wide range, for they are to be 
found north and south, east and west ; at all altitudes, high and low ; 
in all kinds of situations, from the most warm and sheltered to the 
most cold and exposed. JN^ot unfrequently, a particular or given 
species may be found in some particular part of the wwld, where, 
under conditions favourable to its healthy growth and full develop- 
ment, it may attain heights of from one hundred to two hundred feet; 
whereas, when found in other parts, and under conditions uncongenial 
to its healthy growth and full development, the very same species may 
be discovered struggling for existence ; making, it may be, all but 
imperceptible annual growth. Yet, even under such adverse circum- 
stances, by indomitable perseverance for many years, it may reach a 
good old age, though from the hardships it has to undergo it may be 
reduced to a sprawling, scrubby bush ; while, had fate or fortune given 
it a place in some more favoured clime, a richer or more congenial soil 
and situation, it might have formed in the same number of years a 
handsome and majestic pine. This fact is one of the chief causes 
which have led inexperienced tree-collectors to send home so many 
said-to-be new species of pines, and coupled with the equally patent 
one — the present endeavour to send out some 'Tine ISTew Conifer," to 
which too many unscrupulous plant vendors have lately been in the 
habit of resorting, and encouraged by the high encomium of some 
botanic pedant, or the ''first-class certificate" of some wise savans, who 
know much about pinks and peas, but little if anything about firs 
and pines ; and the sine qua non a good sale for the " Fine Is^ew 
Pine," may in some measure account for the sad lack of precision 
ivherewith the species of this genus are at present found named and 
described. 



CONIFERS. 



101 



According to the dictates of our botanical instructors, and the nostrums 
of our popular Avriters upon the Conifers, we are given to understand 
(and it might be inferred from their pedantic modes of supplying to us 
practical cultivators their descriptive verbiage that we are to believe 
and implicitly rely on what they teach us), that of this genus Pinvs, in 
this year of grace, 1865, there have been discovered, descanted upon, 
and most elaborately described, about One Half Thousand different 
species. Be this as it may, however, with botanical theorists and 
hair-splitting doctors, the practical culturists, for whom I write, 
will find this number much reduced ; yet, not so much so as it will yet 
have to be when time and experience have proved to us what many of 
the quasi -species and varieties recently discovered and introduced 
really are ; for in the following enumeration several so-called species 
are allowed a place either as a recognized species or as a quasi-species, 
until they have more fully developed themselves in this country. It 
will be observed that I have discarded all such botanical dis- 
tinctions as Bince, (two-leaved,) TerncE^ (three-leaved,) and Quinoey 
(five-leaved,) which although generally correct, are nevertheless so 
frequently incorrect, untruthful, and untenable, as to be of no value 
whatever, either for science or practice ; and that I also dissent from 
such divisions as Cernhra, Strobus, Pseudo-Strohus ? (only a quasi- 
Strohus ?) Fiuea, Pinaster, and Tceda, though I take at least four of 
them as prototypes ; experience having convinced me that all such 
divisions are, at their highest value, only very nullities or legerdemain 
tricks at proving a distinction without a difference ; for all such 
botanical enactments, like some few of our class-legislative ones, do 
very much resemble each the other, particularly the botanical, for the 
driving a coach-and-four through them is a feat easily performed by the 
most inexperienced driver. I have, therefore, lopped off all such 
distinctions and divisions of this genus as so much extraneous lumber, 
as unnecessary as it is untenable, retaining only Pinus, pure and simple. 

As a general rule, with the ordinary quota of exceptions, the Pines 
may be thus summarily characterized : — Timber elastic, resinous, 
tolerably durable, combustible, and, when well grown and free from 
knots, easily wrought, and generally useful. The most of them will 
grow in any ordinary soils if in a healthy condition ; some of the 
species in the most sandy, heathy, gravelly, or barren kinds ; while 
not one of them will thrive or produce good timber in such as are 
thoroughly wet and marshy, soft peat, or other sour, undrained, 
wet land. All of them, however, will not only grow, but luxuriate, in 



102 



PINACE.^. 



a sandy loam, or gravellj^ earth, with a sandy, gravelly, or porous sub- 
soil. Generally, when young, and when grown singly, they are 
regularly furnished with branches to their base ; but when old, and 
thoroughly matured, particularly when grown in groups or masses, the 
under branches die off gradually, as the trees increase in age, so that 
eventually they are generally clear of branches for one half or two- 
thirds their height ; having conic, rhomboid, spreading, or umbrella- 
like branched heads. 

PiNUS AlbigUALIS : An Alpine S]jecies from the Cascade 
Mountains in Oregon, may be a western form of the Cembra-like 
Pine, though I am inclined to consider it as different, and intermediate 
between Pinus Flexilis (even this is not a species, but a qnSi^i-Cembri- 
PineaJ ; and Cembra distinguished by its pubescent branches, few 
scattered teeth on the edges of the leaves, and especially by the short, 
oval cones, with squarrose scales, pointed with a knob. The name is 
suggested by the colour of the bark of the tree, which is " as white as 
milk.'" Englemann in Trans. Accd. Sc. of PhiladeJjjhia. 

'Cute suggestion this, of Dr. Englemann, but rather more transparent 
than milh^'^ and of a different colour than icliite^'' at least to a 
practical cultivator. He might quite as appropriately have suggested 
hlue as milk and water for the bark of his thought-to-be neio^ but, 
indeed, very old Pine — the quasi of quasi Camljroides. 

Be tliis as it may, however, this is the way in which too many of 
our said or thought-to-be new Pines are introduced to us, and fully 
illustrates my prefatory remarks on the genus Pinns. 

All that can be said of this Pine in this book is that a variety it 
certainly is, a species it certainly is not ; a quasi-species it may be ; 
but at best only useful for adding numbers to, and increasing the inef- 
fable variety of an already large or extensive pinetum. 

PmUS ApULCENSIS : The Apulco Pine. 

This was introduced to us from Mexico in 1839. A small-sized tree, 
thirty to fifty feet, with robust branches irregularly disposed, and on 
young growths of a glaucous violet colour ; leaves from five to seven 
inches long, generally five in a sheath, slender, undulating, and of a 
rich and deep glaucous green ; its cones are ovate, three to five inches 
long, and about half as broad as long. Its wood is Avhite, soft, and 
porous. It is somewhat too delicate and tender lor the climate of 
Britain, and is of no use but for adding number and variety to a 
pinetum, the soil of which is a good loam, and the locality of which is 
warm, and the situation assigned to this Pine a well sheltered one. 



CONIFERS. 



103 



PiNUS Aristata: The Awned-scaled Pine. 

This is another of the said-to-be new Pines ; its existence was recorded 
by Captain Gunnison in 1853, he having found it on Pike's Peak, 
Snowy Mountains, in Xorth America, attaining heights of Irom thirty 
to fifty feet. It was, however, only introduced into this country in 
1861-62, by Dr. Parry, and has been described by that 'cute smjgester, 
Dr. Englemann, who says of it: — ^'Its leaves are generally five in a 
sheath, one to two inches long, and light green on both sides ; 
bianchlets spreading and twisted ; with ihin, smooth bark, of a light 
greyish-brown colour ; cones oval-obtuse, two to three inches long, one 
to two broad, of a purplish-brown colour ; timber white, tough, and 
not very resinous." That it may have awned scales may be true, for 
this is not a remarkable feature in some Pines, but not having seen its 
scales, which, too, we profitable or ornamental planters value but little, 
all that I have seen of this said-to-be new Pine being its seeds and 
seedlings, and young plants of it; these already have shown me enough 
to satisfy me that it is none else than an altered form of these now 
numerous intermediate suhs or quasi -s])QQ,iQ^ of Cembra-Strohus, Avhich 
are becoming as plentiful as new ferns, and which are creating so much 
confusion and annoyance in our futile attempts to rectify and correct 
the classification and nomenclature of the Firs and Pines. This kind, 
however, will never be of any economic value in this country, but 
it may prove to be useful as a variety in a large collection of 
Pinacese. 

Pin US Australis : The Southern Pine. 

This was introduced from America, 1730, Avhere, in the Southern 
States, it is called ''Broom Pine;" in the Northern States, ^'Eed 
Pine," Pitch Pine," and " Yellow Pine ;" "Broom," evidently from 
its broomy or bushy growth when young; " I\ed," from its long, red, 
bud-like young shoots; ''Pitch," from its abundance in resinous 
juice ; and " Yellow," from its old and matured trunks. It attains 
heights of from forty to eighty feet, robust, distant, and irregu- 

larly disposed branches ; leaves from six to twelve inches long ; stout, 
and somewhat reflexed when old ; a brilliant green in colour, and 
generally three in a sheath ; cones from six to nine inches long, cylin- 
drical in form, tapering to base and apex, two to three inches diameter 
at the broadest part, and chesnut or rich brown in colour. The timber 
is of fair average pine quality, the tree is somewhat distinct and orna- 
mental, but rather too delicate in constitution for our climate, and 
fastidious as to soil and situation. It is of no economic value to us as 



104 



PINACE^. 



a timber tree, and unless in a good loam, or free, moist, sandy soil, a 
warm locality, and tolerably well sheltered situation, it is of but little 
use for ornament. There is also a larger growing and larger leaved 
form of it, called Pinus Palustris Excelsa. 

PlNUS AUSTRIACA : The Austrian Pine. 

This, although only a qwdi^i- Corsica^ is, nevertheless, a somewhat 
distinct kind, and constant in its distinguishing characteristics ; vastly 
inferior to its protot3^pe as a timber tree, yet, a most useful, hardy, free 
growing Pine ; well adapted for planting either in inland or maritime 
districts, where shelter and ornament are desired ; and one which 
might be often turned to good account as a back-ground tree in elabo- 
rate or extensive ornamental plantations. Its dark green fohage, 
blackish to appearance, strong branches, and rampant style of growth 
have not been fully appreciated by us ; although its merits as a timber 
tree have been much overrated, and for this purpose it has been, and 
is at the present time, too much planted. There is a variegafa, 
(variegated-leaved variety,) of it, a useful ornamental plant. 

PiNUS BalFOURIANA : Balfour's Pine. 

This is one of Jeffrey's introductions from California ; although I 
have seen nothing but young plants of it, yet, I give it a place here, 
inasmuch as in a young state it seems to be something more than a 
variety, most probably a quasi of the Calif ornian Ponderosa. Its 
leaves are in sheaths, generally five, frequently in threes and fours, 
sometimes in twos, sixes, or sevens ; from one to two inches long, 
stout, rigid, and glaucous below, and bright green above : the branches 
are somewhat flexible and pendent, having smootliish bark of a 
greenish-brown colour. Hardy enough, and growing tolerably weU 
where in a good and sweet sandy loam, and tolerably sheltered 
situation. 

Pmus BaNKSIANA: Sir Joseph Banks's Pine. 

Introduced from Xorth America, 1785. A hardy, distinct, curious 
miniature Pine ; a scrubby bush it might be termed, having somewhat 
slender and twisted branches, with few laterals, resinous buds, and 
persistent dull ashy-green leaves, about an inch long : and horn-shaped 
cones from one to two inches long, persistent and ashy-grey in colour. 
It attains heights of two to six yards, and is somewhat related to the 
dwarf forms of Syhestris, such as Mugho. It is useful enough as an 
ornamental shrub, or as a variety in a pinetum or arboretum. 

PiNUS BkNTHAMIANA : Bentham's Pine. 

This is a gigantic form of Douglas's Ponderosa, — my prototype of 



CONIFEK.^. 



105 



this class of the Californian Pmes. It has lunncrous, stout, spreading, 
and somewhat irregularly disposed branches, with large, dark brown, 
imbricated, and non-resinous buds : ilu) leaves from eight to twelve 
inches in length, dark green in colour, and generally three in a sheath: 
cones generally in clusters of from three to five in number, straight, 
and minus foot-stalks ; from five to seven inches in length, and about 
half as broad (at their thickest part,) as long. The timber is compara- 
tively good, and durable for pine wood ; and lighter and more elastic 
than that of Fonderom^ and the tree is hardy, and useful either for its 
wood or beauty in the woods and plantations of Great Britain and 
Ireland, where a good loam, or sandy free soil can be given it. 

PiNUS BoNAPARTKA: The Bonaparte Pine. 

This was discovered by that prince of impostors in the Pine line — 
Eoezl ; and is fully descanted upon, and described by Gordon in his 
book, The PuietAtmy I have seen nothing of it but seed, seedlings, 
and young })lants, which seem hardy enough for ordinary winters in 
the south of England ; yet, from wdiat I have seen of it, I think it 
will have to be referred to that now iiumerous group the Ccmhra- 
Strohus type. It will never be of any economic value for its timber in 
this country, and but little for its beauty or ornamental qualities, see- 
ing we already possess many kinds in the same group more hardy and 
distinct. 

PiNUS BraGHYPTERA: The Short- Wing Seeded Pine. 

" Leaves in twos, threes, or fours, dark green, three to six inches 
long ; branches horizontal. Cones two to three inches long, and one 
to two inches broad; scales elevated, recurved, and spiny -pointed. 
Seeds three lines long, and two lines broad, with the wing shorter 
than the seeds." So says Mr. Gordon. 

Messrs. Wislizenus and Englemann, state that it is : — A hand- 
some tree, eighty to one hundred feet high, and two to three feet in 
diameter ; found abundantly on the mountains of ]^ew Mexico." 
This is all I have as yet seen of this " The Short- Wing Seeded Pine." 

PiNUS BrUTIA : The Pragrant-Juiced Phie. 

This is a (Jalabrian form of the many quasi-species of the Aleppo 
Pine ; and like all of them vastly inferior to the prototype Corsica as 
a timber tree ; but from its hardiness, and accommodating nature as to 
soil and situation, it is useful enough for ornamental or shelter ])lanta- 
tions, or for adding number and variety to a pinetum or arboretum. 

PiNUS BUNGEANA : The Epidermis-Barked Pine. 

This is a puerile phrase, a bad metaphor, and an ugly name for so 



106 



PINACEiE. 



"beautiful a Pine. I retain it, however, as this tree is now generally 
known by this name. It is a native of China, and one of the many 
good things which Mr. Tortune sent home from that country. Coming 
as it does from the most north-western hills, most desolate districts and 
coldest climates of the celestial empire, it will doubtless prove to be 
sufficiently hardy in this country, for it has stood unprotected with us 
in the south of England these past half-dozen years. It is a most 
peculiarly distinct Pine, inasmuch, as in a young state, its bark as 
much resembles the skin of a pea as the bark of a Pine. As the 
plants increase in age the thin outer epidermis peels off in silken-like 
scales, leaving the branch, stems, and trunks with a greyish-white 
surface. Another peculiar characteristic of this Pine is, that, in its 
annual production of young growths, its new leaves are at first furnished 
with perfectly formed sheaths, which soon fall off, leaving the leaves 
sheathless, as the outer bark does the branch, stems, and trunk. It is 
also affirmed by Eastern travellers, that this Pine produces no leading 
or continuous main stem, but several branch stems, not horizontal as in 
other Pines, but as it were all rushing straight up to a great height and 
pollard-like ; only that they all grow straight up instead of horizontal ; 
ultimately forming a many stemmed top to the tree. This latter state- 
ment is not borne out, however, by young plants of it in this country ; 
nor did I ever endorse such a bill, but business-like dishonoured it as 
a spurious and illegal tender drawn upon the Bank of Eiction, 
(Limited,) as I did a few years ago one of the same kind entitled Picea 
Regiiice Amalice : and I may here remark, that all such hydra-pines 
are manufactured by man's arts from nature's staples or raw materials ; 
any practical cultivator by resorting to artificial modes, could produce 
a Pine Copse as he now does an Oak, Ash, or Hazel one ; differing 
only in the process and periods of cutting and pruning. Its leaves are 
from one-and-a-half to three inches long, stiff, convex, and keeled ; 
thickly set on the branches ; frequently in bundles at the tips, and 
disposed in whorls ; it is what is termed a three-leaved Pine : and its 
cones are somewhat ovate in form, from two to three inches long, and 
about half as broad as long, obtuse-pointed, and rounded at base. It 
attains heights of from twenty-five to fifty feet ; and will be found 
useful for adding number and variety to our pinetums and arboretums ; 
but it is of no value as a timber tree. 

PiNUS CaNARIENSIS : The Canary Islands Pine. 

This Pine was introduced into this country in I8I0. It attains 
heights of from fifty to seventy feet, with numerous and irregularly 



CONIFF.ILE. 



107 



disposed branches, and slender and somewhat drooping branchlets ; 
the branch stems and trunks with short spur-like shoots, with tufts of 
leaves ; sometimes there are two, but generally three leaves in a sheath, 
they are of a shining grassy-green colour, and from five to eight inches 
long. Cones from three to six inches long, and from one-and-a-half to 
three inches broad. It is too delicate in constitution, and fastidious to 
a degree as to soil and situation, to be of much, if of any, value in this 
country, either for use or ornament. 

PiNUS Cembra: The Siberian Stone Pine. 

Leaves, generally five in a sheath, from one to four inches long, 
three sided, two of the faces being silvery-banded, and the other 
shining green, sharp pointed, and rich silvery-green in colour. 

Cones, from two to four inches long, and one-and-a-half to three 
inches broad ; ovate in form, erect, and of a rich violet colour. 

This Pine was introduced into this country about a century and a 
quarter ago. It attains heights of from twenty-five to I f ty feet, and 
forms an erect pyramid, well furnished with branches to its base, the 
branches well clothed with the silvery-green foliage, and the buds few, 
solitary, and at the tips of the branches; broad, globose in form, with 
a long point, and of a whitish colour, and non-resinous. 

It is distinct and interesting in the highest degree, and a beautiful 
little tree. A thoroughly hardy, sturdy, conical, small-sized Pine. Its 
slow rate of growth, however, completely disqualifies it from ever taking 
rank as a profitable timber tree ; nevertheless, in every collection of 
ornamental trees or large shrubs it ought to have a place, as it will 
succeed in any ordinary soil if in a healthy condition, and in any 
situation, whether sheltered or exposed. 

This Pine has recently been found in many other countries, and in 
many other latitudes, than Siberia, and not unfrequently much changed 
in its distinguishing characteristics by soil, climate, and altitude, 
which, as a matter of course, has caused it to be again and again re- 
introduced as a new species. 

Of its many varieties and sub-varieties I select Alba, (the very white,) 
Glauca, (the very glaucous,) Jajxmica, (the Japan form,) Monoj^lujlla, 
(the single-leaved), Pumila, (the very dwarf,) FenduJa, (the slender 
drooping-branched,) and Variegafa, (the variegated-leaved,) all of them 
hardy and useful shrubs or small ornamental trees. 

PiNUS Cembroides : The Cembra-like Pine. 

This was introduced from Mexico in 1845, and one of the interme- 
diate quasi-species — Cembra-Strohus, and Cembra- Pine a, 1 term them, 



108 



PIXACE^. 



inasmncli as in their distinguishing characteristics they partake more or 
less of the character of Cembra, Strohus, and Pinea ; while in their 
seeds they are what are popularly termed stone-pines, of which kinds 
Cembra and Pinea are the representatives. This Pine is of no 
economic yahie in this country, though in large arboretums or exten- 
sive pinetums, where a good soil, a warm locality, and a sheltered 
situation can be given to it, then might it add one more to the 
number, and slightly increase the variety of a large collection of 
Pinacese. 

PiNUS CoNTORTA: The Twisted-Branched Pine. 

The iSTorth American Pine generally found under this name is a 
quasi-species of Inops ; while of the most of the prototypes, particu- 
larly Corsica, Strobus, and Sylcestris, there are several contortas, or 
twisted-branched forms. So when we find, or desire to find, a Pinus 
Conforta, we must first determine which species of Pine it is we hav^e 
found, or which we may desire to possess. 

PiNUS Corsica: The Corsican Pine. 

Leaves, generally from four to six inches long, but to be found 
ranging from two to eight inches ; generally two in a sheath ; some- 
w^hat twisted and slender, with comparatively short sheaths, and of a 
riclj, dark, yet bright and shining, green coloar. 

Cones, generally from three to four inches long, and from one to 
two inches broad ; but to be found ranging from two to six inches 
long, and one-half to tliree inches broad ; conical in form, straight, and 
sometimes curved at their points : scales elliptic in form, somewhat 
elevated, not very angular, convex on the back, and of a yellowish- 
brown colour. 

Branches, regular but distant ; in horizontal whorls ; laterals not 
very numerous, but regularly disposed; buds ovate in form, with a long 
point, hoary and resinous. 

Trees, pyramidal in shape, handsome, free, and open, in its mode 
of growth; and very beautiful in its rich green foliage and general 
deportment. 

This Fir, although a European species, and the prototype of many 
quasi-species, was only introduced into this country about fifty years 
ago, and, all things considered, it is one of the most valuable and gene- 
rally useful species of the genus Pinus which has yet been planted in 
the British Isles, being thoroughly hardy, sound in constitution, of 
tolerably large dimensions, and of a very rapid and regular growth ; 
and will not only grow, but will produce both quantity and quality of 



CONIFERS. 



109 



timber equal to any, and superior to many of its congeners, when grown 
under the same conditions. We have it in almost every description of 
loam, clay, sand, gravel, peat, and compound earths ; all, of course, 
made sweet and healthy by efficient drainage; and in situations the 
most sheltered and exposed, in maritime and inland localities, on high 
and low altitudes, and everywhere — unless, indeed, in close, soft peat, 
and spongy marsh — it is doing well. I know of no Pine less subject 
to the attacks or ravages of insects, fungoid enemies, gam -, or vermin ; 
for frequently have I seen its congeners, the Austrian and the Scotch 
Pines, crooped by hares, mooped by conies, and disbudded by Uack 
cocks and grey hens, while the Corsican remained untouched. This, 
doubtless, is accounted for by the peculiarly bitter, aromatic flavour, 
with which its sap is impregnated, and should this be found to be the 
case everywhere, as it is with us, what a most important and valuable 
addition a\ ere this to its other numerous and good qualities as a profit- 
able timber tree. Its wood is somewhat coarse-grained, yet long-fibred, 
elastic, tough as hemp, easily wrought, capable of receiving a good 
polish, resinous, creamy-white and yellowish -brown in colour, and 
when matured and seasoned, a very durable timber for a Pine. 

Amongst culturists there is a prejudice against this Pine, it being 
what in common parlance is termed a "carroty-rooter" and a *'bad 
transplanter." That it is a sparse or non-fibrous rooting plant, I do 
indeed admit; but that it is difficult to transplant I do in tofo deny, 
inasmuch as we have during the past half-dozen years transplanted 
several thousands of it annually; and our mode of cultivating this and 
all the very sparse rooting Pines is to transplant or bed-out the 
seedlings the first season, and to transplant them again every succeeding 
season until large enough to be put out in the plantations; by this 
means ensuring the lives of ninety and nine of every hundred of the 
plants planted out; and our failures by such frequent transplanting in 
the nurseries are 7iiL ISTo doubt this incurs an additional expense in 
cultivation, and ^^ome theorists say injures the health and enfeeble ^ the 
constitution of the plant, but we have clearly proved, and can show 
our proofs over thousands of acres of Firs and Pines, that the nursery 
expenses in the first planting of a plantation are more than recovered; 
and that our stunted, yet sturdy plants, the first season after being put 
out, soon excel in vigour, health, and beauty, the nice, clean, and 
apparently healthy, but seldom transplanted plants, which the inex- 
perienced arboriculturist thinks are fine plants, while his ex- 
perienced brother would, in Iiis selection of plants, be more parti- 



110 



PINACE^. 



cular about what they were underground, than what they appeared to 
be above ground. 

The Corsican Pine is indigenous in Greece and Spam; nay, through- 
out eastern and southern Eurupe ; and, found as it is in so many dif- 
ferent and very dissimilar altitudes, climates, and soils, it varies much 
in its dimensions, and is to be found ranging in heights from thirty 
to one hundred and hfty feet ; arriving at maturity in from fifty 
to eighty years ; but will, under favourable conditions, produce both 
quality and quantity of timber fit for any purpose, even the architec- 
ture of ships and houses, in from thirty to forty years ; and for more 
temporary or ordinary rural purposes ia from twenty to thirty years. 
It seems somewhat predisposed to inconstancy in the size, form, and 
colour of its leaves and cones ; which, doubtless, has been induced by 
the soils and climates in which they have been produced ; and which 
cause has led to much confusion in its cultivation and nomenclature, 
for it is to be found in catalogues and collections under many specific 
names, and in many quasi-species, varieties, and sub-varieties. 

Whenever, therefore, it is intended to plant this tree for profitable 
or good timber, great care should be used in selecting the supply of the 
seed from the prototype or true kind, and, whenever practicable, to 
select our cones from trees upon the highest altitudes, and in the 
coldest climates of which it has a native habitat, until we have it in 
such quantity, and of such an age, as to enable us to obtain our sup- 
plies of seed from home-grown trees, for when we can do this, I am 
perfectly satisfied that, for general utility as a forest tree, this Pine, if 
it did not surpass, would at least ecjual, our native Scotch Pine, and be 
found to be one of the best and most suitable species of the genus 
Finns for the planting the many thousands of acres of waste and 
unprofitable, nay, sadly neglected lands, so frequently to be met with 
in Albion's Isles. 

Of its many quasi-species I may here mention Calahrica, Carmanica, 
Pallasicina, etc., which are frequently confounded with Corsica^ and 
sometimes substituted for it, but all of which should never be planted 
for producing profitable or good timber while the prototype or true 
kind can be obtained ; and of its many varieties I select for commen- 
dation : Contorta, (twisted-branched,) Penclala, (pendulous-branched,) 
Pygmcea^ (very dwarf,) Sub-vindis, (very light green leaved,) and Varie- 
gata^ (the variegated leaved,) as hardy, usetul, and ornamental shrubs 
and trees. I may also remark, that this Pine is very generally known 
as Pinus Lariclo. 



Ill 



PlNUS DeNSIFLORA: The Dense-Flowered Pine. 

This Pine has been recently introduced from China, and all that I 
have yet seen of it have been, seed, seedlings, and young plants. A 
distinct species it is not ; a quasi-species it may be ; a variety it 
certainly is, somewhat related to the quasi-species Massoniana, and 
also, like this again, to the prototype Pinaster. Its leaves are from 
three to six inches long, generally two in a sheath, remaining on the 
plant for three years, stiff, though somewhat slender, light green, and 
slightly glaucous, and acute pointed. It has stood with us here (South 
Hants) for the past five years quite unprotected, and seems hardy 
enough for our climate. It will never be of any value for its timber, 
but it may be found useful for adding one more variety of a small-sized 
Pine to an already large collection of Pinacese. 

PiNUS DevONIANA: The Duke of Devonshire's Pine. 

This was introduced in 1839; a Mexican beauty, a (jwisi-StroJnis^ 
somewhat too tender for the best soils, warmest localities, and best 
situations we have in the south of England. 

PiNUS EXGELSA: The Lofty Pine. 

This, although a quasi-species of Strobus, is, nevertheless, a useful, 
ornamental tree, and hardy enough for the climate of Great Britain and 
Ireland ; grows freely in any loamy or sandy free soil, and is one of 
the very best of the many Strohus forms for this climate. It was intro- 
duced in 1823, from the Himalayas, where it is found more or less 
plentiful along the central range, extending east to Bhootan, and west to 
Kafiristan, at elevations of from live thousand to twelve thousand feet; 
attaining heights of from fifty to one hundred and fifty feet ; having 
spreading branches, which are disposed on the stems in regular whorls, 
the upper ones somewhat ascending, the lower ones more or less 
pendent ; rendering a spreading-branched conical Pine ; with glaucous 
bluish-green foliage ; tlie leaves from four to nine inches long, slender 
and drooping ; generally five in a sheath. The cones are solitary, iu 
twos, threes, or more together, generally on the leading shoots or branch 
stems ; from four to nine inches long, and from one-and-a-half to 
three inches broad near the base ; tapering to the point at first, some- 
what erect, and a rich pea-green in colour ; when matured quite 
pendent, and a pale brown colour ; and when completely ripe so full of 
resinous juice as to cause to exude numerous transparent drops of it. 
Its wood is compact in texture, white in colour, fragrant and resinous ; 
but soft and not very durable. It is as an ornamental Pine that it 
should be planted in Britain, and there are, even now, some line 



112 



PIXACE^. 



specimens of it extant in these islands. There is a Microjjliylla, (small- 
leaved,) likewise a Microcarpha^ (small-coned,) variety of it. 

PiNUS FiLIFOLIA : The Thread-like-Leaved Pine. 

This was introduced from Guatemala about twenty years ago. It 
attains heights of from thirty-five to seventy-five feet, having few, irre- 
gular, and stout branches, clothed with leaves of a dull green colour, 
from ten to fifteen inches long, and cones from five to nine inches long. 
It is somewhat too tender and delicate in constitution for the very best 
soils and situations in which we have yet tried it here, in South Hants. 

PiNUS FlEXILIS : The Contorted-Branched Pine. 

A said-to-be new species, from which I dissent ; it has been found 
in California and Mexico ; and all that I have yet seen of its seeds, 
seedlings, and young plants, shows it to be a quasi-species, which will 
have to be classed with these now numerous quasi Ceinhra-Pinea 
kinds ; which are useful for nothing, unless indeed for making confu- 
sion worse confounded, in the classification and nomenclature of the 
Pines ; and this very Pine were it named Pinus Mutahilis, the vari- 
able Pine, might be used as the representative of these quasi kinds of 
Cembra and Pinea, inasmuch as it could be described : — Leaves 
variable, from one to five inches long, light or dark green, in twos, 
threes, fours, or fives, in a sheath ; stout or slender, curved or 
straight. Cones ovate, oblong, or round, from one-and-a-half to 
four inches long, and from one to two inches broad, having large seeds. 
Branches horizontal, stout, and twisted, straight, or curved, and 
ascending or drooping at their extremities. Tree from twenty-five to 
fifty feet, or, when starved, reduced to a knarled bush a yard high, or 
a big shrub, from one-half dozen to a dozen feet in height. 

PmUS FrEMONTIANA: Fremont's Pine. 

This is merely a quasi of the preceding : having straighter, and 
more regularly disposed branches; a tolerably hardy, but very tardy 
and slow growing nut Pine, with its leaves generally in threes, fre- 
quently in twos, rarely in fives, exceptionally singly : and also from 
California. 

PiNUS Gerard IANA: Gerard's Pine. 

Introduced from the Himalayas in 1815, though it had been dis- 
covered long previous to that date. It is a distinct Pine, remarkable 
for its smooth silvery-grey bark, which, like Bangeana, peels off in 
silken flakes. Its leaves are from two to six inches long, glaucous 
when, young, and bluish-green in colour : the cones are ovate in form, 
from five to nine inches long, and from nine to fifteen inches in cir- 



CONIFERiE. 



113 



cumference near the base ; the seeds are from one-half to one inch long ; 
palatable, and dark brown in colour ; the branches are generally 
ascending, but the lower ones spreading, and the branchlets short, 
somewhat slender and irregularly disposed. It attains heights of from 
thirty to fifty feet; is tolerably hardy, and of very tardy and slow 
growth, and of no value in this country but for adding number and 
variety to our arboretums or pinetums. 

PiNUS GorDONIANA: Gordon's Pine. 

A Mexican beauty ; a quasi long-leaved Pine, having its foliage 
from twelve to eighteen inches long ; but, like too many of its con- 
geners from that sunny clime, it is much too tender and delicate for 
such a climate as ours. 

PiNUS GrenVILLE^: Lady Granville's Pine. 

This is another delicate beauty from the same country ; and closely 
related to the preceding ; but of a somewhat more robust habit of 
growth ; having stronger leaves, Avhich are generally in fives, and more 
than a foot in length : though it has much larger cones, which are 
from one to one-and-a-half feet long, but less numerous. The Mexi- 
cans call our Lady Granville's Pine Ocote macho^ or male Pine; and 
our Mr. Gordon's Pine, Ocote hemhre^ or female Pine ; but our 
botanic pedants reversed the terms : hence another of their ungallant 
and stupid tricks ! This Pine, like the preceding, is too delicate for 
general planting in England, though it is rather more hardy, being 
found rather higher up on the Saddle Mountains of Mexico, 

PiNUS HaLEPENSIS : The Aleppo Pine. 

This Pine has been known in Britain for nearly two hundred 
years. It is tolerably hardy, attaining heights of from twenty to forty 
feet ; and is useful as a small-sized ornamental tree in this country. 
Its leaves are from two to four inches long, and deep green in colour. 
Its cones are from two to four inches long, and pyramidal in form. 

PiNUS HaRTWEGII: Hartweg's Pine. 

This was introduced from Mexico in 1839, but it has since been 
found in the north-west regions. It is a robust-branched, fine- 
foliaged, small-sized Pine : the leaves being from five to seven inches 
long, four or five in a sheath : and the cones from four to six inches 
long, oblong in form, and about half as broad as long. It is hardy 
enough for this country, and a useful small-sized Pine for ornamental 
planting in Britain, but of no economic value for its timber. 

PiNUS InOPS: The Poor Pine. 

So called from its native habitat — the poor sandy and barren soils 

i 



114 



PINACEiE. 



in which it is found. It is a very variable Pine, both in the size and 
disposition of its leaves, cones, and branches, and, also, in its stature 
and dimensions, according to the soils or climates in which it is grown. 
Its leaves are from a quarter of an inch to four inches long, light or 
dark green in colour, generally two in a sheath, sometimes three, rarely 
five, exceptionally singly ; cones from two to four inches long, and 
from one to two inches broad at swell ; glossy, and yellowish-brown in 
colour; branches irregularly disposed, some very twisted, some com- 
paratively straight, some horizontal, some drooping. The bark at first 
and on the young shoots is of a fine violet colour, with a glaucous 
bloom, or yellowish-green, when old rough and rustic, and very dark 
and resinous. It attains heights of from twenty-five to fifty feet, and 
was introduced into this country from N^orth America about a century 
and a quarter ago ; it is hardy, distinct, and inelegant, and useful only 
as a distinct Pine to relieve the dull monotony of so many of the 
quasi-species of the Pines. There are several forms of it amongst 
us, which, as an interesting ornamental plant, or Pine curiosity, 
may be mentioned : — Procumbens^ a kind not growing erect, but 
forming a trunk stem furnished with lateral branches, and crawling, as 
it were, along the surface of the ground ; and Lceocarim, the smooth- 
coned poor pine. 

PiNUS INSIGNIS : The Ptemarkable Pine. 

This was introduced from California, by Douglas, in 1833. It is 
very appropriately named, for it is indeed a remarkable and very dis- 
tinct Pine : attaining heights of from fifty to one hundred feet ; 
feathered to the ground with branches, which are clothed with deep 
grassy-green foliage. 

Leaves, irregularly disposed, but very thickly set on the 
branches, from one-and-a-half to seven inches long, generally in threes 
or fives, but frequently found in fours, sevens, nines, and sometimes 
more in a sheath ; and not unfrequently in bundles or clusters, while 
many of them are minus sheaths, and growing singly upon the branch 
stem, without footstalks, and broad at base, and tapering to a sharp 
apex. 

Cones, ovate, but tapering, and much pointed at apex, from two 
to four inches long, and from one-and-a-half to two-and-a-half inches 
broad ; at first yellowish-green, when ripe of a pale yeUowish-brown, 
hard, smooth, and glossy, having the scales somewhat radiated, thick 
at base, tapering to a four-sided blunt apex, with a centre scar and 
short spine at point. The seeds are comparatively middle-sized Pine 



COKIFERyE. 



115 



seeds, dark in colour, and furnished with an ample wing-appendage. 
Like most of the Pines, it takes two years to mature its cones and 
seeds. This Pine is perfectly hardy, and of very rapid growth, but it 
has a tendency to make autumnal growths, which is its only defect as 
an ornamental tree in this country, for it cannot be called a profitable 
timber-tree : it should, therefore, never be planted in very low-lying 
places, where there is a close and humid atmosphere, but in loamy, or 
sharp sandy soils, and well exposed situations where sun and air 
abound ; when from its free, unformal, and irregular branched habit of 
growth, and its golden grassy-green foliage, it would form a loveable 
object, a living statue which would materially increase the grandeur of 
the richest landscape, and add much to the scenic effect of any picture, 
in arboretum, park, or plantation. 

PiNUS Jeffreyi: Jeffrey's Pine. 

Discovered in and introduced from California by Jeffrey, after whom 
it has been named. I have only seen and only possess seeds, seed- 
lings, and young plants of it. Its leaves are from three to nine inches 
long, generally three in a sheath, somewhat twisted at base, keeled on 
their inner face, rounded at back, and very sharp-pointed, and of a 
rich deep green in colour. The branches are somewhat irregularly dis- 
posed, slender, rather declining though horizontal, and slightly pointing 
upwards at their extremities ; buds few, short, stout, pointed, imbri- 
cated, and resinous ; the bark yellowish-green, but at first reddish, or 
of a violet green in colour. Its juices and secretions are strongly 
scented with a balsamic odour. Young plants of it have stood unpro- 
tected with us, liere, in South Hants, for the past half-dozen years ; 
and it seems, if not a species, at least a quasi-species, inasmuch as 
young plants of it appear to be something distinct for a Calif ornian 
Pine ; though nearly related to Ponderosa. 

PiNUS KORAIENSIS : The Corean Pine. 

This is one of the quasi- Cemhr a- Sfrohus kinds about which so much 
conceited conjectural matter has lately been published. I merely here 
allow its name a place, remarking that it is of no economic value for its 
timber, and of but little use as an ornamental tree, unless for adding 
one more to the number, and slightly increasing the variety of a large 
collection of Pinacese. 

PiNUS LambertiANA : Lambert's Pine. 

This is another quasi-species of old Strobus ; introduced from Xorth 
America in 1827, but it has more recently been found in Califorijia 
and ^Mexico ; though in each country somewhat altered in the size of 

I 2 



116 



PINACE^. 



its foliage and cones. It attains heights of from one hundred to two 
hundred feet, hut its wood is inferior to that of the prototype when 
grown under the same conditions. When from California or Xorth Wes- 
tern habitats, it is sufficiently hardy for the climate of Britain, where 
its only use is to add number and variety to a pinetum or arboretum. 
PiNUS LawsONII: Lawson's Pine. 

This, Mr. Gordon states, is "a distinct kind, having the leaves 
mostly in threes, but sometimes in fours, six inches long : cones from 
two to two-and-a-half inches long, and one-and-a-half inches broad near 
the base, very much resembling those of Finns Sylvestris" I merely 
add that it was discovered by that impostor Eoezl, in Mexico. And 
that if the describer tells truth it may be something distinct ; but as 
yet I have not seen a new species in Pinus LatcsoniL Although I 
have more than once seen it offered, I have not yet obtained it, but 
have often been supplied with plants and specimens of old Pines for 
this said-to-be new Mexican one. 

Pmus LeIOPHYLLA: The Smooth-Leaved Pine. 

This has soft, slender, smooth, drooping, pale glaucous green foliage, 
from three to six inches long, with the leaves generally five in a sheath, 
and thickly disposed on the tips of the branches. The cones are from 
one-and-a-half to three inches long, and from one to one-and-a-half 
inches broad near the base, on short footstalks, depressed at bottom, 
and ovate at top. It is found on the Mexican mountains at an eleva- 
tion of seven thousand feet. Its timber is hard and resinous, and it 
attains heights of from fifty to one hundred feet. Although it will 
live and grow in the best soils, and warmest localities, with us here in 
the South of England, it is too tender and delicate for cold latitudes 
and exposed situations, and is of no value in this country, unless for 
increasing the number and variety of our Pines. 

PiNUS LlNDLEYANA : Lindley's Pine. 

This is one of the Montezumse forms of the large or robust-leaved 
Mexican Pine. It is a bushy, strong-branched, tolerably hardy, inter- 
esting curiosity in a pinetum or arboretum ; having the leaves gene- 
rally five in a sheath, from six to nine inches long, strong and sharp- 
pointed ; when young somewhat glaucous, and deep green in coloui' ; 
cones from five to eight inches long, and from one-and-a-half to three 
inches broad at the swell, slightly curved and tapering to a point, 
attaining heights of from twenty-five to fifty feet. 

Pmus LlaVEANA: La Llave's Pine. 

This is another Mexican: a quasi-Pinea^ introduced' in 1830, a 



CONIFEK^. 



117 



much less useful or beautiful tree in this country than its prototype 
Pinea. 

PiNUS LONGIFOLIA : The Long-Leaved Pine. 

This is an Indian, the Sanscrit word tan, thin, or slender, and tantu, 
thread; hence their " Tansa,'' or ^^JSTeedle Tree;" its leaves being 
from nine to fifteen inches long, generally three in a sheath, slender, 
and needle-like, bright glossy green in colour : its cones are from four 
to six inches long, and from a half to one-and-a-half inches broad at 
swell, but ovate in form, and hard, smooth, and glossy on their surface. 
It attains heights of from thirty to one hundred and thirty feet, and is 
found so low as one thousand feet elevation in the Bhootan valleys ; 
while it is found plentiful in the Punjab at two to four thousand feet ; 
and in the forests of Almora and Kamoon it produces long-fibred, 
compact, tough, straight, resinous, fragrant, and ruby-coloured timber ; 
wdiile in the low altitudes and damp valleys it produces white, soft, 
porous, and short, or twisted fibred wood : and at such a height as 
Simla, or seven thousand feet elevation, it is reduced to a stunted 
bush, and higher up it is but rarely found. From whatever habitat, it 
is too tender and delicate for an ordinary English winter. 

PiNUS LophOSPERMA: The Crest-Seeded Pine. 

This is a quasi-species of Sahiniana, having its leaves generally five 
in a sheath, and exceptionally three in a sheath ; while in Sabine's 
Pine the leaves are generally three in a sheath, and exceptionally more. 
Its cones are only from four to six inches long, and from two to four 
inches broad ; while those of Sahiniana are from six to twelve inches 
long, and from three to six inches broad. My experience of Loplios- 
perma has been confined to a few dozen plants, some of which were 
planted in good deep loam, some in sandy gravel, some in clay soils, 
and some in sandy peat ; some of which were sheltered, some exposed, 
but in warm situations, and some thoroughly exposed and in cold 
localities ; but they have "grown small by degrees." So all that I can 
say of it is, that it is a Southern Californian, related to Sahiniana ; 
too delicate and fastidious for South Hants. — Anno Domini 1865. 

PiNUS LOUDONIANA : Loudon's Pine. 

A Mexican, and a quasi- Strohus, one of its beautiful, majestic, and 
delicate forms ; too tender for an English winter, and too impatient of 
cold for our latitudes. 

PiNUS MaGROGARPA: The Large-Coned Pine. 

This was introduced from California in 1832. As its name implies 
its cones are larger than those of its congeners, being from ten to 



118 



PIJSTACE^. 



fifteen inches long, and from four to eight inches broad at swell; 
weighing from three to five pounds each ; hard, smooth, and polished 
on their sui^face, and of a pale yellowish-hrown in colour. Seeds, from 
a quarter to three-quarters of an inch long, flat, dark, and broad 
•winged. Leaves, generally in threes, from ten to fifteen inches long, 
stiff, strong, flat, incurved, pointed, glaucous, and greyish-green in 
colour. Branches, in regular whorls, horizontal, but ascending at their 
extremities ; and the young shoots are at first of a violet colour. 
Attaining heights of from seventy to one hundred and twenty feet, 
with trunks from two to four feet in diameter. It is capricious to a 
degree in its choice of soil, and requires a good loam, or rich sandy, or 
gravelly earth, free, sweet, and porous, and an open substratum in a 
tolerably warm or sheltered situation to develop itself in this country ; 
where, however, it will never be of any economic value as a timber 
tree ; though, when under conditions favourable to its growth, it will 
be found to be a distinct, and interesting ornamental Pine, deserving a 
place in every collection. 

PiNUS MaGROPHYLLA : The Large-Leaved Pine. 

Introduced from Mexico in 1839. Eemarkable only for its large, 
ample, and beautiful foliage ; the leaves are from ten to fifteen inches 
long, generally five in a sheath, very stout, straight when young, some- 
what reflexed when old, blunt-pointed, and deep green in colour. 
Cones, five to seven inches long, and from two-and-a-half to three-and-a- 
half inches broad at swell, elongate, straight, and tapermg to the 
point, rounded at base, with a stout, short footstalk : the scales being 
elevated, hooked, four-sided, hard, and glossy. Attaining heights of 
from fifteen to thirty feet, and when old with a densely branched top. 
In an arboretum or pinetum where a good loam, or rich and deep 
sandy soil, an open subsoil, a warm locality, and well sheltered situa- 
tion can be assigned to it, then, but not otherwise, need it be planted 
in this country. 

PiNUS MassONIANA: Mason's Pine. 

Introduced from China about the beginning of the present century, 
and frequently since as a fine new Pine, always more or less metamor- 
phosed : for it is one of nature's rarm aves that plays at alter ego, and 
one of those quasi-species about which so much thrasonic brag has of 
late years been pubHshed ; and being a good target in a safe range for 
amateur practice, I load, and present its prototype. Pinaster, which is 
indigenous in Algeria, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, the 
Mediterranean coast, and in short more or less plentiful over Southern 



CONIFEEJE. 



119 



Europe ; and, no doubt, has been introduced into China, France, Great 
Britain, Japan, ISTepal, 'New Zealand, North and South America, St. 
Helena, and many other parts of the globe where it is now to be found 
more or less plentiful in a cultivated state, and not unfrequently in an 
apparently naturalized condition. This Massoniana, then, is from 
China, where John Chinaman, the knowing one in the arts of Pine 
culture, cuts and clips it into every conceivable shape or form, where 
he trains the branches into fan-forms, or fiat China-plate-like shapes, 
and at times plants it under favourable conditions, and in suitable soils 
and situations, where it of course becomes a stately Pine : or, again, 
in a miniature China flower pot, rustic, or lacquered box, where it is 
starved and reduced to a perfect pigmy, or the smallest shrub we 
can possibly imagine. 

'Need, we wonder then, when our botanical instructors inform us 
that Massoniaim is a new species, and that — Its cones and leaves are 
very different from, and much smaller than. Pinaster f No, for so 
say I, when the " Star," or any other Pine produces its cones or 
leaves in a thumb-pot, where depapurated, they, before being starved to 
death, make their dying efforts to perpetuate themselves by producing 
a batch of small cones ; for, common sense asks — how could such 
plants produce large ones ? 

These Orientals are also great experts in the artful modes of budding, 
grafting, and inarching Pines, which modes the Chinese term " Sessiho,'^ 
and the Japanese " Iswgiki,'^ and not unfrequently, in their flowery 
lands and sunny climes, several species or varieties of the pines are to 
be found upon a common species as a stock, presenting to the eye of 
the inexperienced the most grotesque forms it is possible to conceive. 

Now after knowing that the Orientals resort to such artifices in the 
cultivation of their Firs and Pines, we have but little cause for wonder 
at the many kinds they are said to possess ; for even of this so-called 
Massoniana the following list of sorts can be supplied to any liberal 
foreigner who may visit them, with his purse well replenished and his 
hobby " neio Pines — Aka-matsu (red Pine), Fama-matsu (elegant 
Pine), Fltots-matsu (single-leaved Pine), Fon-matsu (true Pine), 
He-matsu (female Pine), Kier-matsu (large Pine), Ko-matsu (small 
Pine), Kok-sung-matsu (common black Pine), Siruga-matsu (varie- 
gated Pine), Wo-matsu (male Pine), and Wumi-matsu (sea coast 
Pine), ad rniinitum. 

In the qMdi^i- Massoniana. and the prototype Pinaster there is a differ- 
ence, and not unfrequently a plurality of distinctions ; but that natural 



120 



PINACE^. 



variety, particularly when acted upon by art-culture, sliould be a 
reason for elevating even a quasi-species, much less a variety, to the 
rank of a true species^ I cannot for the life of me understand. Be this 
as it may, time and experience will prove that Massoniana is at best 
but a quasi, or perchance but a variety of Pinader.^ and of no economic 
value in this country, but only as a variety, which it undoubtedly is. 
PiNUS MerKUSII : Merkus's Pine. 

This kind is found in Borneo, Cochin China, Sumatra, and the other 
Islands of the Indian Archipelago ; but every batch of seedlings we 
have yet raised were invariably killed by the first night's hard frost. 
"We find, therefore, on referring to our Eegister: — " The Sumatra Pine 
is a very delicate and thoroughly tender Indian beauty, killed by the 
first frosts of 1859, '60, and '62, and at present not in stock-book." 
— Anno Domini 1865. 

PiNUS Montezuma : Montezuma Pine, 

Discovered early in the present century in Mexico, but more recently 
introduced and distributed in this country. Its leaves are from three 
to six inches long, generally five in a sheath ; the sheaths are per- 
sistent, long, rough, scaly, lacerated, and sharp-pointed. The leaves 
when young are of a rich light green above, and somewhat glaucous 
below ; when matured and old they become of a rich dark green on 
both faces. The cones are from three to six inches long, and from one 
to two inches broad at the swell; tapering to base and apex, and some- 
what oblong, though slightly incurved at point. Attaining heights of 
from twenty-five to fifty feet; forming a spreading-headed, sparse- 
branched, rough-barked, little Pine. Tolerably hardy, but fastidious as 
to soil and situation; and, unless in a good loam, or sweet, sandy soil, 
warm locality, and sheltered situation, it will be of little use as an 
ornamental Pine, for it is of no economical value as a timber in this 
country. 

PiNUS MONTIGOLA : The Strobus Mountain Pine. 

Introduced from California in 1831, but it has since been found in 
other habitats. It is an intermediate Cemhra-Sti^ohus, tolerably hardy 
and good-looking, and in a moist, sweet, peaty, or cool and porous 
soil, in this country, it would form a handsome, dense-headed, short 
and glaucous-leaved Strobus; or when starved and depapurated an 
altera Cemhra, It deserves a place in every pinetum. 

PiNUS MUGHO : The European Mountain Pine. 

Introduced into this country from Austria about the beginning of 
the present century, but it extends from the Pyrenees eastwards to the 



CONIFERS. 



121 



Alps of south-western and central Europe, where it is finally superseded 
and represented by its alter ego Pumilio, on the eastern mountain 
chains of Austria and Hungary. Its leaves are generally two in a 
sheath, from one to two inches long ; stiff, broad, spreading, and 
twisted ; and dull green in colour. The cones are from one-and-a-half 
to three inches long ; ovate in form, unequal-sided, somewhat hooked or 
tuberculated on the outer side ; generally two or three together, and 
with very short footstalks. It attains heights of from fifteen to fifty 
feet, with numerous branches .on its trunk stem ; the upper ones 
somewhat ascending^ the lower ones more horizontal ; all of them well 
clothed witfi foliage. 

It is thoroughly hardy, not fastidious as to soil or situation, and 
useful for cover, shelter, or the ornamentation of bleak districts, or for 
hill planting in this country ; but it is at best but a quasi-species of 
its prototype, Sylvestris ; and so is Pumilio, its congener. Mugho is 
found in many forms or varieties, the most noticeable being : — Brevifolia 
(short-leaved). Nana (very ds\arf), Rotundata (round-coned), Rostrata 
(beaked-scaled), and Variegata (variegated-leaved). 

PiNUS MURIGATA : The Prickl^^-Coned Pine. 

This is the " O'Bispo," or Bishop's Pine, of the Californians, intro- 
duced into this count y about twenty years ago. It attains heights of 
from fifteen to thirty feet. Its leaves are generally two in a sheath ; 
from three to five inches long; stiff, somewhat broad, blunt-pointed, and 
deep green in colour. The cones are from two to four inches long, and 
from one to two inches broad, at the swell, and tapering to the point, 
which is blunt ; when young of a reddish-brown, when old ashy-grey 
in colour. Branches, irregular, few, and stout. It is perfectly hardy, 
and though somewhat related to its congener, Insignis, it is neverthe- 
less distinct, and useful as a small- sized ornamental Pine in this 
country. 

PiNUS OCGIDETQ TALIS : The West Indian Pine. 

Leaves, generally five in a sheath, from five to ten inches long ; 
slender but stiff, thinly set on the branches, sharp-pointed, and bright 
green in colour. Cones, three to four inches long, and from one to two 
inches broad at the swell; rounded at base, with long footstalks; conical 
in form, and tapering to apex. In port somewhat resembling ITal- 
epensis, but it is much too tender and delicate for an ordinary English 
winter, and of no economic value in this country either for its timber 
or its beauty. 



122 



PINACE^. 



PmUS OoCARPA: The Egg-shaped-Coned Pine. 

This kind is found both in India and Mexico, attaining heights of 
from thirty to fifty feet. Leaves, generally five in a sheath, from five 
to seven inches long; smooth and slender, pendulous, angular, and 
sharp-pointed, and bright green in colour. Cones, as its name implies, 
egg-shaped ; from three to four inches long, and from two to three 
inches broad at the swell, which is near the base ; hard, glossy, and 
shining, and of a yellowish colour when ripe. Forming a pendulous - 
branched and spreading-headed Pine. Much too tender and delicate 
for the climate of Britain. There is also a small-coned form of it. 

PiNUS Patula : The Spreading Pine. 

Introduced from Mexico about a quarter of a century ago. A very 
peculiar and highly interesting Pine ; in a young state as like a green 
fountain as a green Pine. Leaves, in threes, fours, or fives, in a 
sheath ; from six to ten inches long ; slender, soft, spreading, recurved, 
channelled above, convex below ; and rich light green in colour. 
Cones, from three to five inches long, and from one to two inches 
broad, somewhat incurved, and of a pale brown colour. In any 
pinetum or arboretum where a good loam, sweet, moist, or sandy soil, 
where warmth and. shelter can be afforded it, and where sun and air 
abound, there should it have a place in this country. There are 
Macromrpa (large-coned), and Stricta (erect-growing), varieties of it. 

PiNUS PkuGE : — ''We have received from Messrs. Haage and 
Schmidt, of Erfurt, fine specimens of this rare Eir, which is nearly 
related to Strobus, and by no means to Cemhra. It is the 'kevky} of the 
Greeks, and grows wild in Macedonia, on the sides of Mount Peristeri, 
on granite soils, at an elevation of two thousand yards ; at which 
heights, however, it becomes a scrubby, knarled tree. Gordon's account 
of it is a miserable mess of blunders." Vide Gardener's Chronicle, 
page 128, vol. 1864. 

Mr. Gordon's " mess of blunders," however, is more of a singularity 
than a plurality, inasmuch as he says nothing about Pinus Pence in the 
" Pinetum," for he merely places the name under Pinus Cemhra 
Pygmcea ; and such a blunder is much less injurious to the best 
interests of true science in relation to the cultural arts, or the 
advancement of true knowledge in this utilitarian age, than this un- 
common-sense about this ''rare pine." It is most distressing to behold the 
very monarchs of scholarship and botanical science, in this, the latter 
half of the nineteenth century, so persistently persisting in their pedantic 



CONIFER.^. 



123 



czarism ; ignoring all freedom of speech, or action which is not of their 
own dictation, and which is not expressed by all other writers as 
serfs ; for the first commandment of all such czaric savans, in all their 
codes or catechisms, is, Ego solus sum scqoiens ; and the second very- 
much resembles the first, sapiens sum solus Ego. Such theories, how- 
ever, are things of the past, for in the present age subjects as well as 
rulers have a voice, and mooty questions have to be aired and ventilated 
in the cosmopolite arena of "public opinion." Happy the people 
where such is the case ! prosperous the nation where freedom reigns ! 
great the arts and sciences where practical men as well as theorists 
can sail in one boat when fishing for knowledge, and especially so in 
this department of Natural Philosophy — the arboricultural art ! 

This rare Grecian Pine, then, is, according to the Chronicle s own 
showing, at best but a quasi-sjyecies of old Strohus, caused by — the 
granite soil, the two thousand yards' height, the knarled tree, and the 
climatic effects of ancient Macedonia. Although, therefore, I have 
here given this much space to this quasi or variety it will serve 
to show how so many new Pines are foisted upon us, for it is at best 
but a depapurated form of old Sfrobus. 

PiNUS Pinaster: The Star-like Cluster-Coned Pine. 

This is an old Pine, doubtless coeval with, and extant when Adam 
was in Paradise, and most certainly one of the original prototypes of 
this genus Pinus ; though I do not here enter upon its origin, age, 
or decay ; nevertheless, I may say that its origin was not according to 
the " Darwinian theory," its age is not yet a settled question, and its 
decay will, I think, be iclien^ if ever, time is no more. 

Leaves, generally two in a sheath, from three to nine inches long, 
stout, rigid, broad, slightly serrated, and rich dark green in colour ; 
disposed in whorls, and thickly set on the branches. 

Cones, from two to six inches long, and from one to three inches 
broad ; ovate in form ; when young a bright shining green, and when 
matured they assume a brownish, or ashy colour. Generally found in 
whorls of from four to eight, disposed horizontally on the stems ; but 
frequently in large clusters of from ten to fifteen together, sometimes 
from one to two dozen in a cluster, and not unfrequently singly or in 
pairs : and the same gregarious disposition of the male catkins is 
another characteristic of this Pine and its quasi-species, inasmuch as 
they are generally found in more or less dense and numerous clusters 
on the branch stems, occupying spaces varying from half an inch to 
half a foot in length, to the entire exclusion of the leaves from the parts 



124 



PINACE^. 



of the branch stems occupied by the male catl:irs. The seeds are 
oblong in form, with wings from one to two inches long, and from a 
quarter to half an inch broad. 

It was introduced into Britain more than two-and-a-half centuries 
ago, and it is to be found, either in a natural or cultivated state, in 
most parts of the habitable globe ; differing much in its stature or 
dimensions, and likewise in the size, form , and colour, of its leaves and 
cones, by the soils and climates in which these are produced ; which 
diversity has led to much confusion in its nomenclature, and to its being 
so frequently re-introduced into this country as a new species of Pine. 
But one after another of these altered forms of it are being identified, 
and referred to the prototype. It attains heights of from twenty to 
eighty feet, with its branches in regular whorls, somewhat curved 
upward:^, and ascending at their extremities. The bark, when matured 
and old, is very rough, and deeply furrowed. Pliny truthfully remarks : 
" The Pinaster is none else than the Pinus Sylvestris (not our Syl- 
vestris), the wild Pine ; wonderful in height, and branching from its 
middle parts as the other Pines do more from their upper; this yields 
resin more copiously; it grows in the plains." 

It is thoroughly hardy, sound in constitution, of very rapid growth, 
particularly when young ; and one of the most accommodating of the 
Pines as to soil and situation, and although producing somewhat coarse 
wood, yet it is useful for many rural and domestic purposes, and like- 
wise in some of the branches of arts and manufactures, and in trade 
and commerce. All things considered, in relation to the climate of 
Great Britain and Ireland, it is a most serviceable tree, inasmuch as in 
any loamy, sandy, gravelly, or dry soils, it grows freely, no matter how 
poor or barren, sandy or dry : but it will not succeed in wet, close, or 
calcareous soils, with hard or impervious substrata ; and it is well 
adapted for maritime and exposed districts, where the soil may chiefly 
be composed of sand. It may, however, be termed more of a useful 
than economically, valuable timber, or beautiful ornamental Pine. It 
is a sparse rooter, and should be frequently transplanted in the first 
few seasons of its growth, before being planted where it is to remain. 

As I have already indicated, it is to be found in many forms or 
varieties, but the only ones which require notice here are : — Hamiltonii 
(Lord Aberdeen's Pinaster), Lemoniana (Sir C. Lemon's;, Minor 
(small-coned), Monopliylla (single-leaved). Nana (dwarf), Pendula 
(pendent-branched), Tortuosa (twisted^branched), and Variegata (the 
(variegated-leaved). 



CONIFEKiE. 



125 



PiNUS PiNCEANA : Pince's Mexican Pine. 

Vide "Pinetum," by George Gordon, A.L.S., page 204, ISTo. 40. 

PiNUS PiNEA : The Nut, or Stone Pine. 

This, although an useless Pine in Britain, is one of my prototypes, 
and must needs be described. 

Leaves, generally two in a sheath, from three to nine inches long ; 
strong, straight, and of a deep shining green in colour ; on young 
plants the primary leaves are disposed in single bracts, or scale-like 
formations, minus sheaths, thickly covering the branchlets, and from 
amongst this primitive spray the perfect leaves gradually emerge ; 
which, when young, and for a time, are white and glaucous-like ; which 
presents a very striking contrast to their form, size, colour, and disposi- 
tion, when old and matured. 

Cones, from four to six inches in length ; ovate or round in form ; 
solid, somewhat reflexed ; glossy and pale brown in colour. The scales 
are large, thick, angular, four- ribbed or six-sided, with a blunt spine on 
their apex. The seeds also are large, ovate-oblong in form, white, 
sweet, and palatable. The shell hardy, woody, from half an inch to 
an inch long, with a broad but short wing, and brownish-red in 
colour. 

Branches, spreading, and, when old, well clothed with deep green 
foliage, forming a round or bushy tree, with a reddish-coloured bark, 
which is sometimes cracked and furrowed. 

It is an European species, its present native habitat being the South, 
along the Mediterranean coast, at elevations ranging up to fifteen 
hundred feet ; and it is much cultivated in Italy, and other European 
countries, in many of which the seeds or nuts form an article of 
commerce. 

It attains heights of from fifteen to fifty feet ; its wood is of indif- 
ferent quality ; it is of slow and tardy growth, and requires a dry, 
sandy soil, a warm locality, and a sheltered situation in this country, as 
an ornamental Pine, for it is of no use as a timber tree. It was intro- 
duced more than three centuries ago, and, like most of the proto- 
types, it is not only encumbered with quasi-species, but likewise with 
varieties, amongst which are : — Arct lea (dwavf mountain form), Brevi- 
folia (short-leaved), Chinensis (Chinese form), Fragilis, (thin shell 
seeded), and Variegata (the variegated). 

PiNUS PoNDEROSA: The Heavy-Wooded Pine. 

Introduced from Xorth America nearly forty years ago. 

Leaves, generally three in a sheath, from six to twelve inches long ; 



126 



PINACE^. 



at first straight, when old sometimes they are twisted; broad, flexible, 
sharp-pointed, thickly set, and of a rich deep green in colour. 

Cones, from two to four inches long, and from one to two inches 
broad at swell ; tapering to base, but more so to apex. Singly, or in 
twos, threes, or whorled clusters; having short footstalks, and some- 
what drooping. 

It attains heights of from fifty to one hundred and fifty feet; with 
few branches, which are disposed in regular whorls on the stem, hori- 
zontal, but when old, drooping ; and old trees of it are generally free 
of branches from one-third to half of their height. It is sufficiently 
hardy for the climate of Britain, and of tolerably rapid growth, but 
somewhat capricious in its likes of soil and situation. Its wood is so 
heavy that it sinks in water, hence its name ; but it is coarse-grained, 
not elastic, not durable, and incapable of being polished; its use in 
this country, therefore, will be as a large-sized, free-growing, orna- 
mental Pine, for a good soil and situation in any pinetum or 
arboretum. 

PiNUS PrOTUBRANS : The Protuberant-Scaled Pine. 

This is merely a qimsi-MontezumcB, and in nothing different from it ; 
unless, indeed, in its cones, which are a little smaller, and its scales, 
which are a little more angular and elevated. 

PlNUS PseudO-StrOBUS : The False or Bastard Strobus Pine. 

This perverse phrase, and barbarous term, is a very convenient one 
for hair-splitting doctors when in difficulties, one wliich was originally 
applied to a quasi-species of Strohm^ introduced into Britain from 
]\lexico nearly thirty years ago ; but of late years so many altered forms 
of this quasi have been found in that country, and also in other parts of 
the globe, that this quasi is now elevated to the rank of a queen, and 
rules over a numerous progeny of Strobus-like varieties ; but it is 
at best, only a long-leaved form of Finns Strohus, which I call 
Strohus LongifoJia ; and although a very beautiful tree, yet it is too 
delicate and fastidious for general planting in the climate and soils of 
Britain : for even in a good loamy soil, on free or gravelly substrata, 
in a warm locality, and sheltered situation, it does not succeed. 

PmUS PUMILIO : The Dwarf Mountain Pine. 

This little tree was introduced into Britain from Carniola nearly a 
hundred years ago : but it has since been found more or less plentiful 
on all the mountain ranges of central Europe. It is useful for planting 
as a cover plant upon high or very exposed localities, or in chalky soils 
where it would do better than most of the Pines. Its only distinguish- 



CONIFERS. 



127 



ing characteristic from AfugJw, is that it forms no main or leading and 
continuous stem ; but produces numerous rival stems, which, from 
their creeping and spreading habit, render this pine a spreading bush, 
rather than a stemmed tree. Eoth Pumilio and Muglio, be it remem- 
bered, are but quasi-species or dwarf forms of their prototype Sylvestris, 
Of Pumilio we have several varieties ; two of which I mention : — 
Rotundata (small round-coned), and Vai^iegaia (variegated). 

PiNUS PUNGENS: The Bitter-Juiced Pine. 

This Pine was introduced from the Table Mountains of North 
America early in the present century : and being of no use whatever 
in this country, it may be here disposed of as a coarse-wooded, not 
glaucous-leaved, and inelegant Pine ; which but for its not glaucous 
leaves, and old persistent cones, could scarely be distinguished from a 
common Scotch Pine — Pinus Sylvestris. 

Pmus PyreNAICA: The Pyrenean Pine. 

This was introduced from the Pyrenees about seventy years ago. 

Leaves, generally in twos ; exceptionally in threes ; from five to 
eight inches long ; straight, fine, stiff, sharp-pointed, and of a very 
bright green colour. 

Cones, from two to three inches long, and one to two inches broad ; 
conical in form, but tapering to apex and slightly so to base : scales 
small, rounded externally, elevated centrally, angular and depressed in 
the middle : seeds small, with the wing-appendage long and narrow. 
The cones when ripe are of a pale yellow, or yellowish-brown colour. 

Branches, numerous, regular, spreading, stout, and well furnished 
with laterals, regularly covering and spreading in all directions round 
the stem, all of which are well clothed with the bright green foliage. 

It attains heights of from fifty to eighty feet : the wood is compara- 
tively good for Pine timber ; but its use in Britain is ornament ; and 
for this it is indeed well adapted ; being thoroughly hardy, of free 
growth, not particularly fastidious as to soil and situation : and its 
bright orange-coloured branchlets, its candelabrum branches, its 
picturesque form, and perfect symmetry, place it in the first rank as a 
beautiful Pine for ornamental purposes in the climate of Great Britain 
and Ireland. There are more forms of it than one, which will be found 
in the alphabetical list or index. 

PiNUS RaDIATA : The Ptadiated-Coned Pine. 

Introduced from California about a quarter of a century ago, and 
although a quasi-species of Insignis yet it is more constant in the 
disposition of its leaves ; Avhicli are very generally three in a sheath, 



128 



FIXACE^. 



slender and twisted, and from three to five inches long : while its cones 
are very much larger, being from five to seven inches long, and from 
two to four inches broad at the swell. It attains heights of from 
eighty to a hundred feet ; is perfectly hardy for our climate ; its timber 
is good ; and although not so beautiful as Insignis, yet it is a useful 
ornamental Pine for the climate and soil of these islands. 
PmUS RkGELEANA : Eegel's Pine, 

Discovered by Poezl, and described by Gordon as a riew^, nay, quite 
new Pine from Mexico ; and all that I at present know is what these 
gentlemen state about it, for it happens to be one of the ^'Xew 
Mexican Pines," discovered and sent out by that impostor that I never 
got hold of. 

PlTsfUS RkSINOSA: The Eesinous Pine. 

This is a quasi-species or American form of the Corsican pine, 
producing good timber, but inferior in quality to the Corsican, and in 
appearance it differs but little, unless in its more open and distantly 
placed whorls of branches on the trunk stem, its somewhat smaller 
cones, and its lighter or yellowish green leaves. It is not so good in 
constitution, nor so accommodating as to soil and situation as the 
Corsican Pine ; and should never be planted in preference to it, nor as 
a profitable timber-tree in this country, while we have the prototype. 
Being perfectly hardy it is useful enough as a variety in mixed orna- 
mental plantations ; and its open-branched habit of growth is a good 
contrast to the compact-branched forms of many of the Pines. 

Pmus Rigida: The Stiff-Leaved and Eigid-Coned Pine. 

This Pine has been more or less cultivated in Britain for the last 
hundred years. It is a native of the United States of America. Its 
leaves are generally three in a sheath, two and a half to five inches long, 
stiff, broad, spreading, somewhat twisted, sharp-pointed, and light green 
in colour ; the cones are from two to four inches long, and from one to 
two inches broad at the swell, tapering to point and rounded at base, 
on short footstalks, and very persistent, remaining on the tree for several 
years; the branches very numerous but irregularly disposed ; the laterals 
are also numerous, and all of them well clothed with foliage. It is of 
no economic value for its timber, but a most useful, hardy, accommo- 
dating, free-growing, precocious-coned, sturdy, medium-sized ornamental 
pine ; for the soil and climate of Great Britain and Ireland well 
adapted. 

Pmus RusSELLIANA: Duke of Bedford's Pine. 

Leaves generally five in a sheath, from six to nine inches long, 



CONIFEE^. 



129 



somewhat angular, rather stout, slightly curved, of a hright yellowish- 
green in colour. 

Cones, six to eight inches long, and from one-and-a-half to two 
inches broad at base ; elongate, straight, and pointed, on short foot- 
stalks, somewhat drooping, but horizontal and in whorls ; non-resinous, 
hard and shining. 

Eranches, very stout, not numerous, and irregularly disposed though 
frequently in whorls. Attaining heights of from fifty to eighty 
feet ; a medium-sized, large-] eaved, robust-branched, large-coned, and 
beautiful Pine : introduced from Mexico nearly twenty years ago. It 
produces soft, even-grained, and non-durable wood. In our best soils, 
warmest localities, and most sheltered situations, it may grow and sur- 
vive the rigours of a British wdnter, which if it does it will be found 
a beautiful ornamental Pine. 

PlNUS SabinIANA: Sabins' Pine. 

Leaves, generally in threes, from nine to fifteen inches long, slender, 
twisted, drooping, and a glaucous or silvery grey colour. 

Cones, from eight to twelve inches long, and from four to six 
inches broad at the swell, ovate in form, generally in whorled clusters 
on the branches, and persistent, remaining for years on the tree. 

Seeds, larger than those of Macrocarjoa, being about an inch long, 
hard-shelled, short-winged, and the kernels edible. 

Branches, numerous, somewhat slender, when young covered with 
a silvery bloom, and violet in colour ; and unless at their extremities 
they are bare of leaves. 

Introduced from California, 1832; where it attains heights of from 
eighty to one hundred and fifty feet. Its wood is soft in texture, even- 
grained, non-durable, and white in colour. It is tolerably hardy, but 
quite particular as to soil and situation j requiring alluvial vales, or 
mountain dells, where humis or aqueous deposits have for years been 
accumulating, and a warm locality ; when this Pine w^ould form a most 
beautiful and remarkable object; but in ordinary soils, particularly such 
as are not rich in vegetable matter, and exposed localities it will make 
but little progress, and show but little beauty. 

Pmus SeroTINA: The Late-Seeding Pine. 

Leaves, generally in threes, frequently in fours ; from five to nine 
inches long, slender but stiff, sharp-pointed, thickly set on the branches, 
frequently in tufts and a bright light green in colour. 

Cones, from two to three inches long, and from one-and-a-half to 
two inches broad, ovate in form ; generally on the branches in opposite 

K 



130 



PINACE^. 



pairs, ripening when two years old, but not dropping tlieir seeds until 
three or four years old. 

Branches, numerous, and irregularly disposed, much covered with 
spray-like sprigs, and tufts, or bundles of leaves ; with bright 
yellowish-brown bark. 

This Pine is a native of the United States of America, and was 
introduced into this country more than one hundred and fifty years 
ago ; it attains heights of from twenty-five to fifty feet ; produces 
mushroom wood, which when dried and seasoned may be burnt, but it 
is of no other use j the tree is hardy enough for our climate, and may 
be useful for planting miry, marshy, peaty, or moist sandy soils, (of 
course made sweet and healthy,) where shelter or ornament is the 
planter's object, but for its timber never. 

PiNUS Sinensis ; The Chinese Pine. 

This is a quasi-species, or more probably a depapurated form of 
Pinus Canariensis ; and like it too delicate and tender for the climate 
and soils of our islands. It is found on the Chinese hills, and in 
Assam and JN^epal. 

PiNUS StrOBUS : The Eope-like-Coned Pine. 

Who shall unearth the remains, or fetch, from the ensconced records 
of the world's archives, the moot and dusty memoranda of the past 
history of the Strobus Pine 1 Who shall wield the pen or ply the pencil, 
to give a true and correct portraiture or historical epitome of the tree 
Strobus ? It is, methinks, as old as the time when—" In the beginning 
God created the heaven and the earth," and so well has it fulfilled the 
injunction, " Multiply and replenish the earth that it is now to be 
found in so many quasi-species, varieties, and sub-varieties, as are still 
forthcoming, and which are now so numerous, that a much larger 
volume than the present might be filled with the subject matter of these 
two little words, Pinus Strobus. This name Strobus, it appears from the 
ancient literati, was applied to a tree ; but what particular tree is not so 
evident. The term, however, is of ancient, and noble Greek extraction, 
arpEipa Streplia, to twist or twirl j and (TTpo(j)og, StropJios, is, purely and 
simply the Greek word for a rojoe : the former truthful of the verti- 
cillate disposition of the branches ; the latter a correct metaphor of its 
rope-like cones. My oracle — Pliny, in his twelfth book, c. 17, writes 
thus : — " Petunt et in Carmanos arbor em strobum ad suffitus, perfusam 
vineo palmes accendentes. " They seek for the tree Strobus in Carmania (a 
country in Asia ;) for the purpose of fumigation, burning it w^ith palm 
oil and wine. He then goes on to state that, an exhilarating odour is 



CONIFERiE. 



131 



thus obtained from the retorts, which, by 02:)pressing the head, though 
without pain, produces sleep ; and is used for this purpose for the sick. 
Sundry ancient writers make mention of it ; suffice it here that I 
refer my reader to two more of them, Dioscorides, 1. i, c. 87 ; and 
Plutarch in his " Symposiaca," 1. iii, c. 2, says: — Mountainous and 
windy and snowy places produce woods of a pitchy nature, suitable for 
torches, especially ' TrevKag mt 'CpofDiKoL " Pycce and Strohili ; doubtless 
our Silver Fir, and highly resinous, odoriferous, Strobus Pine. 

The tree Strohus of the ancients, so called " Quai rami ejus tortiles 
whereof perfumes were made, mixed with the wine of dates, may or 
may not be our '^Pinus Strohus yet, I take it as such, inasmuch as 
all of their descriptions of the tree, their dissertations upon its juice, 
wood, foliage, cones, or branches, and all the derivations and transla- 
tions of the term QTpo(j)o, are not only significant, but truthful to a 
degree, as representing this Pine ; either in the disposition of its ver- 
ticillate branches, its twisted or twirled leaves, its rope-like cones, or 
its rich and highly odoriferous resinous juices. 

The " Strobus Pine" was introduced into this country about the 
beginning of the 18th century, and was sent to us from America ; but 
it, or some of its quasi-species or varieties, has more recently been sent 
to Britain from most parts of the habitable globe, for it is now to be 
found in most countries either in an indigenous or exotic state. The 
prototype is popularly known in this country as the Weymouth 
Pine," Lord Weymouth having been the first extensive planter of it as 
a timber tree, upon his Wiltshire estate. 

It is the prototype of nearly one-half the quasi-species and varieties 
of the Pines at j)resent extant ; and being, as it is, so very much 
affected in its stature and dimensions, and so much influenced in the 
size of its cones and foliage, as well as in the quality and quantity of 
its ligneous tissue and resinous juice, by the soil and climate in which 
it may produce them ; and being, moreover, one of the best constitu- 
tioned and most accommodating of the pines, this accounts for its now 
numerous forms ; which, as time rolls on, and change transforms, are 
still increasing in number and degree of inefiable difl'erences ; never- 
theless without any real or well marked distinctions ; for of the extant 
forms the exact size of cone and foliage is all of the products that is 
not to be found in the fossil-graves of the extinct forms — nay rather of 
the extant prototype. 

But even amid all this variety in degree, great in number though it 
be, it is only variety within the bounds of natural law ; for in all the 

K 2 



PINACE^. 



i 



forms or varieties of the Strobiis Pine there is something so very appre- ; 

ciable in the port and features, something so characteristic in the dis- 1 
position of the branches, something so peculiar in the summer and 

winter disposition of the leaves, and something so yet more remarkable j 

in the ligneous tissues and resinous juices of all of them when produced i 

under precisely the same conditions ; that by a summary system of ] 

stenography they can all be described at once. | 

Leaves, generally five in a sheath, exceptionally three, four, six, or ; 

seven ; rarely more or less in number ; from three to fifteen inches . 

long, generally spreading in summer, and drooping in winter ; more or i 

less slender, soft, glaucous, silvery, curved, twisted, and channelled; i 

and in colour light, dark, greyish, bluish, whitish, silvery, or shining j 

green. ] 

Cones, from three to fifteen inches long, and from one to four j 

inches diameter at broadest part ; cylindrical in form, long and rope- j 

like, slightly tapering to the point ; singly, twos, threes, or in whorls j 
or clusters upon the branches ; more or less curved, exceptionally 

straight, but very rarely entirely so ; some horizontally disposed, but \ 

most of them drooping ; green when young, but transforming them- j 

selves to a brownish*colour when they arrive at maturity : the scales are i 
thin, numerous, and beautifully overlaying or imbricated ; the seeds 

generally small, but of various sizes, and all of them furnished with a . 

comparatively large winged appendage. | 

Branches, in whorls, verticillately disposed on the stem, but some- ^ 

what enlarged and twisted at the junction ; rather thinly clothed with : 

foliage ; the bark smooth and shining when young, when old smooth \ 

and ashy-coloured. ; 

The Leaves of the prototype Strohus are from three to five inches . 

long, of a light bluish-green colour : the Coiies are from five to seven ' 
inches long, and from one to one and-a-half inches broad, cylindrical 

in form but tapering to point. There is not one of the quasi-species, i 

or varieties of it so thoroughly hardy, and accommodating as to soil ] 
and situation, and so well adapted for general planting as a timber tree 
in this country, as is this Strobus Pine itself ; though it, and all its 

progeny are vastly inferior to such a pine as the Corsican. Of its • 

quasi-species none is better adapted for general planting than its Indian i 

form excelsa ; which grows well in a variety of soils and is sufficiently j 

hardy for our climate : most of its large and most beautiful forms and | 

varieties are much too tender for the British Isles ; while some of the ■ 

more dwarf and mountain forms, are more hardy and accommodating. \ 



1 



CONIFERS. 



133 



All the Strobus Pines produce a pure and limpid resin, wliicli is rich, 
in saccharine ; and which when roasted and refined is used by the 
natives of some parts of the world as sugar : this resin or juice is also 
highly odoriferous, perfuming each and all of the component parts of 
the tree with a sweet-smelling fragrance. 

The timber, when grown in temperate or cold climates, declivitous 
localities, and medium or high altitudes ; and in loamy, gravelly, porous, 
or sandy soils, or stony debris ; where the mineral constituents and 
earth oils, and granite, quartz, sand, or silex-stone are present in the 
substrata, would be tolerably hard, fine-grained, compact, light, tough, 
easily wrought, capable of a good polish, resinous, fragrant, tolerably 
durable; and creamy- white, or yellowish; and shaded with brown 
when matured and seasoned ; while if grown in valleys, low-lying 
lands, warm localities, and sheltered situations, where the soil were a 
rich loam or clay ; or in any soil rich in vegetable humis or aqueous 
deposits ; then the size and beauty of the tree would be increased and 
the quality of the timber reduced to soft, porous, spongy, mushroom 
wood : while in cold, close, peaty, or marshy soils, if wet ; or where 
the surface soil was very thin and shallow, the substrata hard and im- 
pervious ; where lime-stone pure and simple, or as alkaline or dolomite, 
in a liquid or powdered state was present in quantity ; where coal was 
in inclined strata and crop-out, or the upper strata charged with carbo- 
niferous matter ; then would the Strobus Pines produce but little 
timber, and add but little to the landscape's beauty ; for the pro- 
bability would be that after a few years languishing they would soon 
die. 

The greater portion of the woods of commerce as known and vended 
by such names as : — white deal, yellow deal, Canadian Pine, pumpkin 
Pine, Virginian Pine ; also, much of the Indian ^'Kaeel," "Leem," and 

Yari; " likewise much of the Mexican Blanco-Pine," " Ocote-Chino 
Pine," and " Eeal Pine," are the timber produced by our Pinus Strobus 
and its quasi-species. 

From what has already been stated it will be inferred that Strobus is 
a Pine of various heights and diameters ; individually, the prototype 
may be described as ranging from one hundred to two hundred feet, 
when grown under favourable conditions ; while the mean of this may 
be taken as the average maximum, and the same may be said of its few 
large or gigantic forms or quasi-species ; but the most of these as well 
as the varieties and sub-varieties range from forty to eighty feet in 
height ; and some of them from twenty to forty feet ; while a few of 



134 



its dwarf varieties never reach the stature of a man. Of the numerous 
qiiasi-species and varieties I here give a place to the following : — 
Argentea, (the very silvery-leaved,) Aurea, (the yellowish-green- leaved,) 
Brevifolia, (the short-leaved,) Carmanica, (the Asiatic form,) Cornea, 
(horn-coned,) Elegans, (slender-branched,) Electa, (compact-branched,) 
Excelsa, (the tall Indian form,) Giyantea, (the large or giant form,) 
Longicarjja, (long-coned,) Longifolla, (long-leaved,) Mici^ocarpa, (small- 
coned,) Montana, (mountain form,) Nana, (the very dwarf,) Nivea, (the 
snowy-white,) Pendula, (the drooping-branched,) Rohusta, (the strong- 
branched,) Tortuosa, (the twisted-branched,) and Variegata, (the 
variegated-leaved variety. ) 

PiNUS SylvESTRIS : The Wood or Scotch Pine. 

This is the only Pine indigenous to Britain, and being found origin- 
ally in the highlands of old Caledonia, in natural woods and forests, 
it is popularly known in this country as the " Scotch Pir." But it is 
now found either in a wild or cultivated state in most European coun- 
tries, in a great variety of soils, altitudes, and climates : and in many 
forms or varieties in the shape, size, and colour of its cones and foliage ; 
but in the quality of their timber there are two specific and distinct 
kinds, each of w^hich requires its own particular characteristic description. 

Sylvestris Alha : The White Scotch Pine. 

Leaves, generally two in a sheath, from one to three inches long, 
waved or curved, more or less concave above, and convex below j 
finely serrated on the edges, and bluish or greyish-green in colour. 

Cones, from two to four inches long, and from one to three broad 
at base, some egg-shaped, some roundish, some conical, and some 
globular, but all more or less tapering to the point; some straight, 
some curved, particularly near the apex, some rough surfaced, others 
comparatively smooth surfaced : the scales are from half-an-inch to one- 
and-a-half inches long, having a somewhat angular or four-sided apex, 
they are sometimes straight and sometimes recurved ; the seeds are 
small, with their wing appendage large. 

Branches, irregularly disposed, more or less spreading and aspiring, 
with numerous branchlets, some ascending, some drooping j and the 
bark comparatively rough and furrowed. 

Wood, creamy-white in colour. 

SyJvestris Ruora : The Eed Scotch Pine. 

Leaves, generally two in a sheath, from one to two inches long, 
leathery, rigid, more or less flat or two-sided, comparatively broad, and 
dark green in colour though somewhat glaucous. 



CONIFEK^. 



135 



Cones, generally from one-and-a-half to two inches long, more regu- 
larly formed than those of the White Scotch Pine, being thicker, broader, 
and less pointed at their apex. 

Branches, regularly disposed in horizontal whorls ; and the branch- 
lets when young somewhat aspiring; but as they increase in age 
becoming, like the branches, quite horizontal : the bark is smoother and 
less furrowed than in the White Scotch Pine. 

Wood, yellowish-brown in colour ; when grown in congenial soils, 
and when matured and seasoned, it is darker and richer coloured. 

The Eed is superior to the White as a valuable timber tree ; inas- 
much as in whatever soil, altitude, or climate, its wood is finer in 
texture, closer grained, more resinous, more durable, and richer coloured 
than the White Pine, when grown in the same soil, altitude, and climate : 
and Riibra is somewhat more moderate in its rate of growth, of rather 
smaller dimensions ; moie thoroughly hardy, sturdy, and better con- 
stitutioned ; and easily distinguished from Alha by its shorter, stouter, 
and more green and glaucous-like foliage, horizontal and closely set 
branches, smoother and more shining bark, broader and less pointed 
cones ; and its rounded and umbrella-like head and clean trunk ; even 
when grown singly its lower branches gradually fall off, so that when 
it arrives at maturity it will be found clear of branches for one-half or 
two-thirds of its height. In nearly all of the plantations and natural 
woods of the Scotch Pine which I have yet examined, either in Britain 
or continental Europe, I have almost invariably found them more or 
less mixed ; yet, as a general rule the " Eed " predominates in the 
natural Scotch forests ; while in almost all cultivated woods or plantations 
of it in England, Ireland, and even Scotland, the two kinds are to be 
found : and, moreover, in young plantations there will be found much 
larger leaved seminal varieties than either of the parents. On the 
continent of Europe, the " White " is much the most plentiful either 
in a naturalized or cultivated state ; while in some woods and forests 
we have observed in particular localities many of the red Scotch Pine. 

Both of these kinds, however, are much influenced in their dimensions, 
and particularly in the quality of their timber, by the soils, altitudes, 
and climates in which they are grown ; as well as in the size of their 
cones and foliage : but excepting a soft peat, stagnant marsh, wet clay 
or very chalky soil ; they will thrive in almost every other descrip- 
tion of soils if in a sweet and healthy condition and not too wet. 
For general planting as a timber .tree in this country no pine yet 
introduced is better adapted than our native pine ; the only one likely 



136 



PINACE^. 



to equal it for general planting and general utility, and to excel it in 
the rate of growth, and quality of timber, if we once had it 
thoroughly inured and naturalized, is Corsica — ^the Queen of Pine nurses, 
and the chief of utilitarians in the genus Pinus for Albion's Isles. 

Of the many varieties of Sylvestris, the only ones deserving notice 
here are : — Alha and Rubra, already disposed of, and Argentea, (the 
silvery- green leaved,) Fastigiata, (the compact or pyramidal-branched,) 
LatifoUa, (large-leaved,) Monophglla, (single-leaved,) Nana, (the very 
dwarf,) Pendula, (the pendent-branched,) and Variegata, (the varie- 
gated-leaved,) all of them interesting and useful for ornamental 
planting in this country. 

PiNUS T^DA: The Torch- Wood Pine. 

Its leaves are generally three in a sheath from three to six inches 
long, slender, rigid, somewhat two-sided, channelled on the inner face 
and rounded on the outer surface ; with many single scale-like leaves 
without a footstalk, and broad at base, tapering to a sharp point, 
solitary on the stem shoots, and generally one close to and below, the 
base of the sheath-leaves ; similar to those of Insignis and this class 
of the Pines ; and like its congeners light green in colour. 

The Cones are from two to four inches long, and from one to two 
inches broad j having very short footstalks ; generally in pairs, ovate- 
oblong in form, and tapering though blunt-pointed : with long, some- 
what recurved, and prickly-pointed scales : the seeds are small and 
furnished with a long winged appendage. 

It was introduced into this country about the beginning of the 
eighteenth century from America, w^here in Carolina, Florida, and 
Virginia it forms large forests ; attaining heights of from sixty to 
eighty feet, a clear stemmed, spreading headed tree ; hardy enough for 
our climate ; and grows freely in a variety of soils, either moist or dry. 
It may at times be usefully employed as an ornamental pine, but never 
as a timber tree ; inasmuch as its wood is of the very coarsest descrip- 
tion, and fit for nothing but fuel : hence its name — Torch Pine." 

PiNUS TeNUIFOLIA: The Slender-Leaved Pine. 

Leaves, generally five in a sheath, from eight to ten inches long, 
angular, wavy, sharp -pointed, and shining green in colour. 

Cones, oval in form, from one-and-a-half to two-and-a-half inches 
long, and about half as broad as long ; the scales numerous ; seeds 
small j and all of a dark brown colour when ripe. 

It is found about Guatemala, attaining heights of from sixty to 
eighty feet ; and is one of the quasi- species of the long and slender- 



CONIFERS. 



137 



leaved and egg-coned Pines ; but somewhat distinct from its congeners 
Longifolia and Oocarpoides, and it is much too tender and delicate for 
an English winter. 

PiNUS TeoCOTK : Tlie Candle-Wood Pine. 

Leaves, generally three in a sheath, from three to five inches long, 
and light-green in colour. 

Cones, from two to three inches long, and about one inch broad ; 
rounded at base and tapering to point. 

Introduced from Mexico early in the present century, where it 
attains heights of from sixty to one hundred feet : and being more 
fastidious and tender than its congener Tceda — the American 
*' Torch Wood," it is of no use in this country, where gaseous, car- 
bonaceous, and spirituous lights have superseded torch and candle-woods. 

PiNUS TiMORIENSIS : The Timor Island Pine. 

This Pine is found in the Philippine Islands, and on the Island of 
Timor ; but from all that I have seen of its specimen cones and foliage 
I think it is only a quasi of the other quasi, the Guatemala form of the 
egg-coned pine — Oocarjoa, and no doubt thoroughly tender in this 
country, as I liave not yet seen a living plant of it. 

PiNUS TUBERGULATA : The Tuberculated- Coned Pine. 

This is of the same origin and class as Radiata and Insignis; and 
although a quasi-species still it is entitled to a description. 

Leaves, generally three in a sheath, thickly disposed on the branch 
stems, from four to six inches long, and bright green in colour. 

Cones, from four to six inches in length, and about half as broad 
near the base, at which they are rounded, and tapering to the apex ; 
curved on the outer face, and straight on the inner ; and silvery-brown 
in colour, glossy, resinous ; and persistent, remaining on the trees for 
many years. 

It was introduced from California about twenty years ago, and 
though hardy enough for the climate of Britain, it is of very tardy 
growth j and in height from thirty to forty feet ; so it will never be of 
any economic value in this country as a timber tree ; though it may be 
usefully employed as an ornamental Pine for beautifying our landscapes 
and increasing the number and varieties in our pinetums. 

Pmus WiNGHESTERIANA: The Marquis of Winchester's 
Pine. 

Introduced from Mexico in 1846 along with the other two quasi-species 
Gordoniana and Granvillece ; and like them but another quasi long- 
leaved Pine ; much too delicate and fastidious for the climate of Britain. 



138 



PINACE.^. 



And now, kind and indulgent reader, if you are acquainted witli the 
individual members of this genus Pinus, or if not, and have followed 
me through this summary, enumeration, and description of them, you 
will observe, that though feic distinct species are recognized, many 
quasi-species are treated of; and I need not tell you that this great 
reduction of the species of the Pine is even here not so much carried 
out as it ought to be, inasmuch as many are now admitted to a place 
Yrdiich will hereafter have to be discarded when they have developed 
themselves in this country, and when time and experience have given 
us more knowledge of them. In concluding this, my first sub-division 
of PIXACE^, and this my last S.D. or family of Coniferse, I desire 
to add the following remarks : — Something like a half-dozen years ago, 
while busily engaged in my cultivation and study of the Pines, one 
morning I received a circular, announcing that one man, his name 
Eoezl,. had discovered in one country, and that known as Mexico, 07ie 
hunclrecl and a score of new Pines! I perused the circular, reperused it, 
and often referred to it ; and I do confess that it was some time after- 
wards before I recovered from the effects of this sensational shock to 
my nervous system, and again found myself in my usual sober mood. 
I at the time, however, raised my voice against the announce- 
ment as an imposition ; but ^' Xo, no, no," said those who swear by 
^'Xew Pines;" and the species-mongers re-echoed the sound ; so the 
trick was a decided hit, had a successful run, became quite popular, 
and created quite a sensation amongst arborists. My prediction, how- 
ever, was soon proved to be a true one, as the following laconic note 
will show, and which was published so soon after their introduction 
as an opinion of them could be formed, inasmuch as I had seen neither 
cones nor foliage of them : — " Mexican Pines. How is it that we 
hear so little about the collection of ^ew Mexican Pines, seeds of 
which were sent out in 1858 and 1859, by Messrs. Eoezl and Com- 
pany, of Mexico, or their agents 1 Out of the lot I have not ten per . 
cent, now alive ; and, as regards novelty, I hazard the opinion, that 
u'ith few, if any exceptions, they are neither more nor less than old 
acquaintances with new names. Xot a few of them, too, appear in 
more characters than one. Perhaps some of your correspondents who 
have been fortunate enough to keep them alive without protection, 
will give us their experience respecting them — Senilis." Vide 
Gardener's Chronicle, page 116, vol. 1861. This feeler, being a ticklish 
one, produced no information, for it never, so far as I am aware, 
received a reply, and I may here refer the reader to the foregoing enu- 



BACCIFER^. 



139 



meration, where will be found all that remains of these "one hundred 
and twenty new pines." Bonapartea and Protymhrans : not as species, 
however, but as quasi- forms ; and Lawsonii and Relegeana, which latter 
brace I have not yet seen, nor been able to get hold of; and for the 
other 116 of these I^ew Pines " I refer the reader to the alphabetical 
list, where their names will be found ; and where they are referred to 
as synonyms of the species to which they belong. 



CHAPTEE III. 

DIVISION TWO. 

BACCIFER^. 

Berry and Fruit-bearing Pines. 

Flowers, male and female, in some species they are together, in 
some they are separate ; in some species on the same plant, while in 
others they are upon separate plants ; in most species they are solitary, 
in some in bunches, in others in spikes. 

Leaves, variously formed : awl-shaped, needle-shaped, fan-shaped, 
flat, lanceolate, linear, three-sided, or scale-formed, variously disposed; 
alternate, opposite, scattered, four-rowed, five-rowed, spreading, solitary, 
two-rowed, ternate, or in whorls ; some closely inlaying or imbricated 
along the stem-shoots, having long, medium, or short footstalks; while 
in some species they are minus footstalks. 

Berries or Fruits, these are in most of the species baccce, or 
berries ; in some they are nuces, or nuts ; and in others cuj^elli^ or 
acorns ; some with succulent and some with dry, leathery carpels ; and 
in at least one species the fruit is composed of consolidated, yet free 
scales, forming a solid, fleshy berry. Some have crustaceous, or bony 
shells ; some have their toj^s bare and their base ensconced in cups ; 
others, again, have smooth, fleshy exteriors, while some have their fruit 
rough and dry on the surface. In form various : globular, conic, ovate, 
round, oblong, squarrose, drupaceous. Generally singly ; yet, in several 
species they are in twos, threes, and sometimes more together in a 
bunch ; while in a few they are in clusters. 

The Seeds are variously formed, having crustaceous, or bony shells ; 



140 



PIISrACE^. 



singly, Wo, three, five, or more seeds in a fruit or "barry; in some 
species connected, in others unconnected. 

S.D. L DacRYDIUM: The Gum-exuding Pine. 
From Greek, daKpv, a tear ; hence a weeping or shedding of Gum," 
this pine being full to exudation of gummy juice. 
Flowers, male and female, on separate plants. 

Leaves, variously formed ; awl-shaped, needle-shaped, linear, obtuse, 
ovate, rhomboid, more or less four-sided, blunt or acute pointed ; some 
scale-formed, variously disposed : alternate, spreading, four-rowed, im- 
bricated ; and generally a rich, deep, glossy green, when young ; when 
old they become yellowish-green, or brownish in colour. 

Fruit, drupaceous, small, terminal, erect, solitary; ovate in form, 
though somewhat squarrose in shape ; and edible. 

In this genus we have Dacrydium Cupressinum^ (the cypress-like,) 
Colensoi^ (Colenso's,) Elatum, (the lofty,) FranMinii, (Franklin's,) and 
Laxifolium^ (loose-leaved,) which are to be found in catalogues and col- 
lections in about a dozen and a half of different names. These five 
kinds, however, constitute and comprise this very peculiar and some- 
what distinct genus of Pinacese. Their native habitats are the East 
Indies, JN'ew Zealand, and Tasmania, where the first-named is found 
growing to nearly two hundred feet ; while the last-named is a creeping 
bush, never rising above a yard high. The wood they produce is hard 
and dui'able, and much used, and highly esteemed by the Indian 
tribes. But excepting Franhlinii — a tree growing one hundred feet 
high, and found on the banks of the Huon, Van Dieman's Land — and 
Laxifolium^ found in Kew Zealand, they are much too tender for a 
sharp night's frost in this country ; and even these two kinds will not 
stand unprotected an ordinary winter in Britain; though in the best 
soils and warmest localities in the south of England they may, or may 
not, be induced to grow ; so that none of them are of any economic 
value in Albion's Isles. 

S.D. IL JUNIPERINEuE : The Juniper Tribe. 

Many derivations have been given for this name ; but most pro- 
bably it takes its rise from the Latin Juvenis and Pario ; hence quia 
juniores fructus foliis parity antiquis, mature-scent thus ; — young and 
old leaves and berries are on the plant at the same time. 

Neither the Hebrew nor the Greek appear to help us in this word. 
Elijah sits under a juniper tree. The Hebrew word is Dil'T Bothem, 



BACCIFERJE. 



141 



which the Septuagint Greek does not attempt to interpret, but gives 
the word itself in Greek characters pa6jU6v, ratlimen. It is possible 
that the Sanscrit word Gun or Jun, (the u short,) may be the root of 
it, signifying, as it does, good qualities^ and, Hkewise, shelter. The 
prophet found the shelter; and as for the good qualities, even in 
Pliny's time they are profusely recorded by him. In his Sixteenth 
Eook, cap. 18, its praise is that it is verdure for mountains, and yields 
resinous juice: cap. 21, that its leaf doth not fade: cap. 39, that in 
common with the cedar it yields an oil which preserves vv^hat is rubbed 
with it from moth or rotting : cap. 40, that on account of the inde- 
structible nature of its wood it is adapted for porticos and other sub- 
dial erections, having like durability with the cedar. Further, in his 
Twenty-fourth Book, cap. 8, he enumerates most valuable medicinal 
virtues which the juniper was believed to possess, in some respects 
more than any other tree. He attributes these properties to its seeds, 
its berries, its inner bark, and its juices : — " Serpeiites fugat ; dolorihus 
utile; tusses coneoquit ; tumores sistit ; urinas ciet ; &;c., &c." 

Mowers, Generally dioecious, i. e., male and female on different 
plants ; yet exceptionally found on the same plant ; male catkins 
small ovate bodies, either at the ends of the branchlets, or in the axil 
of the leaves ; having from four to eight celled anthers at the back of 
each scale : the female or fertile catkins are small bud-like bodies, 
composed of fine, thin, fleshy scales, which at first are nearly concealed 
by imbricated bracts, from which they eventually emerge as the fruit 
approaches maturity. 

Leaves, these are variously formed and disposed ; simple, or scale- 
formed j lanceolate or linear, mostly sharp-pointed ; generally in whorls 
of threes ; closely imbricated in four rows ; sometimes opposite, some- 
times ternate ; both simple and scale-formed leaves are to be found on 
the same plant, in the different stages of its growth. 

Berries, these are small fibrous, fleshy formations, or galhules^ exter- 
nally furnished with more or less numerous scales ; though generally 
globular in form, yet, in some species angular, and naked at the apex ; 
having a glossy surface or skin. When ripe they are of a deep purple, 
black, brown, or red colour : seeds, generally there are three, yet 
frequently found in various numbers from one to five, rarely more, in 
a berry ; which are more or less concave on one of their sides, and 
angular on the other. The berries, when pressed or bruised, emit a 
strong piquant odour, and this more particularly in the resin of some 
species ; especially in those of §.3, {Sahijioides,) which is incompletely 
oxygenized, and is, therefore, more fragrant and, also, more stimulant. 



142 



PINACE^. 



§ 1. CUPRESSOIDES : The Cypress-like Juniper. 

Leaves^ variously formed : lanceolate, egg-shaped, needle-shaped, 
scale-formed or rounded ; and variously disposed : in whorls of 
threes or fives, solitary, in twos ; scattered, imbricated, two-rowed, or 
four-rowed ; of various shades of colour : light, dark, greyish, yellowish, 
or brownish-green ; some glaucous and silvery, and some smooth and 
shining. 

Berries, egg-shaped, elongated, round, globular, angular, or oblong, 
externally furnished with bract-like humps ; and of various colours : 
purple, brown, red, violet, or yellow ; some covered with a glaucous 
bloom, some with a silvery powder, others polished and shining. 

JUNIPERUS ChiNENSIS : The Chinese Juniper, 

This attains heights of from twelve to twenty feet ; and it is a hardy, 
handsome, pyramidal little tree or large shrub : and is found in two 
forms ; the male, (masculaj and the female, ffoeminaj the former^ 
has its leaves generally three in a whorl, lance-shaped, spreading, and 
stiff; while, the mature or old ones are like those of the female form, 
being small, scale-like, and imbricated ; they are numerous, more or 
less glaucous ; and bright green in colour. Its branches are some- 
what irregularly disposed, generally alternate, numerous and spread- 
ing ; furnished with numerous straight branchlets : and in the bloom- 
ing season, when the flowers are fully expanded, the plant is liter- 
ally covered with bright yellow or orange-green blossoms, rendering it 
a superlatively beautiful little tree. The female form has its leaves 
generally in opposite pairs, more or less four-rowed, scale-formed and 
closely imbricated ; while the open or young leaves are more like those 
of the male form : the terries are of course produced by this form and 
are small, and violet brown in colour, and containing one, two, or three 
seeds in each fruit, rarely more. Both of these forms of the Chinese 
Juniper are most useful and beautiful large shrubs or small trees for 
ornamental planting in this country, where they grow freely in a 
variety of soils if healthy, and dry rather than moist. 

JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS The Western Juniper. 

This was sent us from British Columbia, the valleys of the Eocky 
Mountains, the Oregon country, and also from IS'orthern Europe. It 
attains heights of from ten to eighty feet, being much influenced in its 
stature by the soil and climate where it is grown. It is a densely 
branched, dark-barked, powdery, glaucous, silvery, bluish-green 
foliaged, strongly scented, purple berried, tolerably hardy, and variable 
kind. 



BACCIFER^. 



143 



JUNIPERUS PhCENIGEA: The Phoenicean Juniper. 
This is of a very sportive character, and it is to he found in many 
forms or varieties. There is a male and a female form of it ; and not 
unfrequently hoth the male and female flowers are found upon the 
same plant. It occupies a wide range of native habitats, being found 
in most of the Mediterranean coasts, the Adriatic, and Ionian shores : in 
Greece, Italy, Spain, Siberia, and the Levant ] and in a cultivated 
state in most parts of the known world. It attains heights of from 
five to twenty five feet, in form pyramidal, bright or dark green 
foliaged which is more or less glaucous ; densely branched, and vari- 
ously fruited ; some of the berries being fibrous and dry in the pulp, 
some soft and glaucous, some pale yellow, some brownish-yellow, 
while others are yellowish-purple. This Juniper in its Lycian form is 
the ^^Cypress-leaved Cedar" of the Greeks, from which they obtain 
most of the " Olibanum " used as incense in religious celebrations in 
countries where Catholicity prevails. It has also been found in the 
Oriental regions in an enlarged form ; and it is to be found in cata- 
logues and collections in various forms or varieties ; and under many 
names ; for its synonyms are numerous. This Juniper is hardy, and 
will thrive in any ordinary soil, and in most situations ; and forms a 
most distinct and beautiful, drooping-branched, evergreen, and ever- 
pleasing shrub or small tree. 

JUNIPERUS SpH^RIGA: Tlie Globular Juniper. 
This kind was originally sent to us from China, but it has more 
recently been found in other parts of the world. It attains heights of 
from ten to thirty feet ; and it is very variable in all its parts ; having 
its leaves generally scale-formed, and of a bright shining green in 
colour ; in some of its forms or varieties very glaucous and silvery ; the 
branches numerous, slender, more or less curved ; the berries compara- 
tively large, spherical, glaucous and purplish-violet in colour. It is to 
f be found in many forms, and under many names, one of the most 
common of which is Smitliiana. It is hardy, and will thrive in most 
kinds of dry and healthy soils ; and forms a beautiful slender-branched 
vivid green, and slightly silvered-foliaged shrub in this country. 
JUNIPERUS TetRAGONA: The Tetragonal Juniper. 
A native of Mexico, a dwarf-spreading bush, scarcely ever exceeding 
two yards in height ; having small, thick, fleshy, obtuse, or egg-shaped 
leaves, which are closely imbricated, and disposed in four rows ; 
glaucous when young, and dull green when old. The branches are flat- 
formed and spreading, with numerous branchlets, which are four-sided, 



144 



PINACE^. 



dense, stiff, and patulous. The berries are small, globular, scaly- 
surfaced ; dark purple in colour, and when ripe more or less glaucous. 
It is hardy enough for our climate, and distinct from the other Mexican 
Junipers ; and unlike them it produces no sandarac. 

§ 2. OXYGEDRUS: The Prickly, Cedar-like Juniper. 
From o^vQ, sharp; and KsSpoQ, cedar; the resemblance of their 
leaves. 

Leaves, generally in whorls of three, spreading on old growths, 
jointed at the base, minus glands, sharp-pointed, linear, lanceolate, awl- 
shaped, ovate, concave, decurrent, stiff, rigid, and some of them ribbed 
and keeled ; some gray and glaucous on their upper face, most of them 
light and dark green. 

Berries, ovate-globular, of various colours; light or dark purple, 
blue, brown, red, violet, or yellow; some shining and glaucous; scaly 
or uneven surfaced ; and the seeds are one, two, three, and exception- 
ally more, in a fruit. 

JUNIPERUS Canadensis : The Canadian Juniper. 

This is the American form of the common Juniper, or European 
species ; and it is found in many parts of ^^orth America, Greenland, 
the Island of Sitcha, and other north-western habitats : forming an 
open spreading bush, from three to nine feet high; having small, 
lanceolate leaves, pale green in colour, with a white or silvery band 
on their upper surface ; the branches are spreading, somewhat slender, 
rather short, and well clothed with foliage, which is very pungent. 
The berries are ovate, globular, or roundish; smooth, shining, and 
dark purple in colour. A hardy, dwarf, and inelegant shrub. 

JUKIPERUS Communis: The Common Juniper. 

This is the most common, most numerous in forms and varieties, of 
any of the Junipers. It is found in England, Ireland, and Scotland ; 
the Alps, Apennines, and Azores ; also in Austria, the Caucasus, 
Denmark, Erance, Greece, Greenland, Italy, Lapland, Xorway, Portugal, 
Pyrenees, Eussia, Spain, and Sweden, and in many other parts of the 
world, in a cultivated state. It attains heights of from two to twenty 
feet ; in valleys, mountain dells, or moist and shady woods, it forms a 
spreading though somewhat pyramidal httle tree ; while on high alti- 
tudes, very exposed maritime localities, rocky mountains, open downs, 
poor sandy, or very chalky soils, it is dwarfed down to a hedgehog-like 
bush. The foUomng summary characteristics of the foliage are appli- 
cable to the prototype, as well as to all the quasi-species and varieties : — 



BACCIFER^. 



145 



Leaves, awl-shaped, lanceolate, sharp-pointed, and spreading ; light 
or dark greyish, glaucous, silvery, or shining green, in colour. 

Berries, comparatively small, roundish, oblong, or conic; and light 
or dark purple in colour. 

The only forms or varieties of it requiring notice here are the following : — 

ECHINOFORMIS : The Hedgehog-like Juniper. 

A very pretty, dwarf, dense, little bush; healthy young plants 
of it much resembling a hedgehog in appearance. 

HiberNIGA: The Irish Juniper. 

This i^ a handsome, compact-growing, pyramidal, large shrub, or 
small tree. And of this, again, we have a Compressa^ or Spanish form, 
which is still more erect and compact in its habit of growth, and like- 
wise darker in the colour of its bark. Also a Variegata, having some 
of the leaves and spray variegated. Useful, hardy, and- beautiful 
shrubs. 

Nana : The Dwarf Common Juniper. 

This is the Alpine or mountain form : a curious, spreading, creeping, 
pygmy, scarcely ever rising higher than half a yard from the ground. 

RUFESCENS : The Sliining-Berried Common Juniper. 

This is most plentiful in Southern Europe. It forms a pretty bush, 
from five to ten feet high, and brownish -green in appearance. There 
is of this, again, a Breoifolia, or smaller-leaved form, found in the 
Azores and contiguous Islands. 

SuegIGA: The Swedish Common Juniper. 

This is closely related to the Irish and Spanish Junipers, but some- 
what less compressed in its branches, and more conical in form, and 
growing to heights ranging from ten to twenty feet ; and of this kind 
there is also a Variegata variety, having some of its leaves and spray 
variegated. 

JUNIPERUS DrUPAGEA: The Plum-Fruited Juniper. 

This is one of the most distinct, constant, and beautiful of the genus, 
inasmuch as its leaves are linear, lanceolate, sharp-pointed, spreading, 
minu« footstalks, concave above, with a silvery band on each side of 
the mid-rib ; convex below, with a conspicuous nerve, and rich green 
in colour. Generally large, being from a half to one inch long ; while 
the leaves on the lower sides of the branch stems are the smallest and 
broadest, and more oval than those on the upper sides, and very regu- 
larly disposed in six rows on the stem. The berries are from three- 
quarters to an inch and a quarter long, and from a half to one inch 
broad ; globular in form, and a rich dark purple in colour, covered 



146 



PINACE^. 



with, a powdery or glaucous bloom ; the fruit is furrowed by the pro- 
jecting fleshy scales, particularly near the apex. It forms a very orna- 
mental shrub or small tree growing from six to twelve feet in height ; 
when old it has a straight stem, but when young it is much branched ; 
the branchlets numerous, and the branches short, spreading, and more 
or less cylindrical. Its native habitat is Asia Minor and Syria, and 
like most of the junipers, it is sufficiently hardy for the climate of 
Britain. 

JUNIPERUS MaCROCARPA : The Large-Fruited Juniper. 

This is a large-leaved and large-fruited form of the common Juniper, 
having its leaves in whorls of threes, lanceolate, comparatively broad, 
keeled on their under face, with two furrows or groves on the upper 
face; and glaucous grey in colour. The berries are comparatively 
large, plum-like, dark purple in colour, and covered with a glaucous 
violet bloom when ripe. It attains to heights of from five to ten feet; 
and is found on the coasts of Barbary and the Mediterranean, and is 
more or less plentiful in Austria, Greece, Spain, and Sicily, and hardy 
enough for cultivation in this country. 

JUNIPERUS OXYCEDRUS : The Prickly-Cedar Juniper. 

This, again, is only an altered form of the common European 
Junijjer, and found more or less plentiful in the Azores, the Canary 
Islands, Spain, and Portugal. The Indians call it " Cedro," the 
Trench " Genievre, or Genevrier," the Spaniards " Ebra," and the 
Italians Ginepro." It grows to heights of from five to ten feet, but 
in the warm valleys of Teneriffe it attains much larger dimensions, and 
being found in so many and dissimilar soils, altitudes, and climates, it 
i?, as a matter of course, much influenced in its stature as well as in 
the size of its leaves and berries. In all of its distinguishing cha- 
racteristics, however, it is more nearly related to the quasi-species 
Macrocarjpa than to the prototype Communis, When from the Medi- 
terranean coasts it is sufficiently hardy for the climate of Britain ; but 
when from the Canary Islands, or Tenerifi'e valleys, it is at first and 
for a time, somewhat delicate and tender, in this country. ^ 

JUNIPERUS RiGIDA : The Eigid-Leaved Juniper. 

This might be termed the Chinese form of the common Juniper. It 
attains heights of from ten to twenty feet, forming a very handsome 
little tree ; and in a young state a very beautiful and graceful looking 
slirub, with somewhat drooping branches, and slender pendent branch- 
lets. It is hardy enough for our climate. 

The Caucasian or Taurian Juniper — by some QoM^di— Communis 



BACCIFER^. 



147 



OUonga, and the J apan kind named Taxifolia, I place here as, at 
best, but quasi-species, and more nearly related to Rigida than to 
Communis ; for I cannot admit either of them as distinct species : and 
moreover, I incline to the belief that even Rigida is at best but a quasi- 
species of the common Juniper; and, doubtless, if we knew its history 
we would know that it was introduced into, and was not originally 
indigenous in, China or Japan ; though we are informed that it is 
indigenous in those countries ; yet, we must remember that naturaliza- 
tion, by cultivation and length of time, may constitute this or any 
other plant, what we are pleased to term a native or indigenous 
plant ; particularly in countries whose history is comparatively speaking, 
unknown to us ; and whose vegetable products are so numerous in 
quasi-species and varieties ; many of which are so superlatively beau- 
tiful, that the fact is evident, that for ages past the secluded and little 
known Orientals, had been well up in the theory and practice of all 
the cultural arts ; for their present proficiency in plant growing is not 
a newly acquired knowledge, but an old growth of many years ; not for 
scores, nor hundreds of years, but more probably for thousands were 
the truth known : and doubtless many of their metamorphosed forms, 
quasi-species, varieties and sub-varieties of Pinacese which we have 
lately received from these ancient and knowing culturists, whose 
innate knowledge of vegetable phytology, and practice of all the arts of 
hybridization, and artful modes of cultivation, owe their origin not so 
much to natural selection, as to cultural perfection ; the manufactures 
of man from nature's staples, rather than the lineal descendants, of the 
prototype or original species of the firs and pines. 

§ 3. SabinOIDES: The Savin-like Junipers. 

The " Savins " are wrongly called " herbs " by some ancient and 
medical authors : they are indeed, small trees or large shrubs with, fre- 
quently, a large and strong stem. The ancients mention two kinds of 
them, Sterills and Baccifera^ — our male and female forms; and by 
some writers they are frequently confounded with the " Tamarisk." 

It has been disputed whether they should be classed as JunijDers, 
Cypresses, or Arbor- Yitaes ; but doubtless, the disputants' learning was of 
the meretricious and superficial kind ; certainly not of the practical 
character, inasmuch as a Juniper is a Baccifer^ and the Cypress 
and Arbor- Vitse are Conifers, Our Juniper us Sahina is the Greek 
(jpadv, hrathu, which Pliny latinizes by bruta and gives a very full 
description of, lib. xii, c. 17, — " hke to a cypress, audits odour nearly 

L 2 



148 



equal to that of the cedar:" again, lib. xxiv, c. 11, — "The herb 
Sahina, called by the Greeks hratliy^ is of two kinds : the one in its 
leaf like to the tamarisk, the other to the cypress ; wherefore some have 
called it the Cretan cypress. Tt is used by many for frankincense." 
Apuleius in Libr. de IsTomia et Virtut. Herb, and Dioscorides in lib. i, 
c. 105, also make mention of it. 

In this Sahinoides^ or Sayin-like section, of the Junipers, are 
included all those kinds which are closely related in the quality of their 
resinous juices, strong and piquant flavour ; being, as it were, in 
an incompletely oxygenised state, — it is very fragrant and stimulant ; 
all the component parts of the plants — foliage, spray, branches, or berries, 
when submitted to heat or pressure emit a peculiarly pungent odour. 

Leaves, mostly awl- shaped, some are ovate, others lanceolate, some 
needle-shaped, others scale-like ; some blunt, some acute, in opposite pairs, 
or in whorls of threes or more, some imbricated, some four-rowed ; 
generally they are more or less rigid, ribbed, and keeled ; and of 
various shades of blue, grey, light or dark green colour : some glaucous, 
some shining, and some powdery. 

Berries, generally small and numerous, round, globular, or egg- 
shaped ; of various colours : black, brown, red, purple, or violet ; some 
with a glaucous bloom, smooth and shining, others powdery ; having 
their surfaces more or less scaly, humpy, furrowed, or tuberculated ; seeds 
one, two, three, or more in a fruit. 

JUNIPERUS DeNSA: The B ashy Juniper. 

This kind, though somewhat like its congeners Recurva and 
Squamata is distinct. Its leaves are generally in whorls of threes, 
somewhat spreading, linear, lanceolate, acute, pungent, and dusty or 
yellowish-green in colour : the berries are small, dark blue and glaucous, 
resinous and aromatic ; and generally containing three seeds in each 
fruit. It forms a dense dwarf bush from one to two yards high ; and 
has been found in many localities in India, generally at elevations 
ranging from 9,000 to 15,000 feet. It is much used by the Hindoos in 
their temples as incense ; also for making yeast, or for the fermentation 
of their stimulating and intoxicating drinks. Moist rather than dry 
soils, and shady situations are necessary for its growth in this country, 
as in dry soils, and exposed situations, it gets sickly and soon infested 
by spiders of a red colour, and rust of a deadly shade : it is hardy 
enough to stand our winters. And though sometimes supplied to us 
as Recurva Densa, it is nevertheless distinct from the male or mas. form 
of the Weeping Indian Juniper. 



BACCIFER^. 



149 



JUNIPERUS EXCELSA : The Lofty Jumper. 

This is a very distinct, compact, handsome, and very ornamental 
tree, attaining heights of from twenty-five to fifty feet : forming a most 
beautiful tree, either in arboretum or pinetum, -park or plantation; alike 
conspicuous in groups or singly. But it requires the best soils, warmest 
localities, and most sheltered situations fully to develope itself in 
Albion's Isles. It is found more or less plentiful in Armenia and 
Georgia, in Persia, in Taurica and Syria ; also in the Crimea, and most 
of the Islands in the Grecian Archipelago. Its leaves are variously 
formed — generally in pairs, small, short, thick, ovate, and acute ; 
spreading on young growths, and on old branches imbricated, the two 
pairs of leaves form four rows : the berries are globular, about half an 
inch in diameter, glaucous and deep purple when ripe. Its branches 
are numerous and well clothed with the glaucous grey foliage, when 
young the branches are very compact and ascending, when old they 
become somewhat pendent ; the branchlets are straight and rigid. 
There is a mas. or male form, and a foemina or female form ; 
also a quasi form called Procera having smaller berries, and in 
Abyssinia forming a large tree : moreover, a Variegata variety is some- 
times seen. 

JUNIPERUS MeXICANA: The Mexican Juniper. 

This is the " Cedro " of the Mexicans ; attaining heights of from 
ten to twenty feet ; forming a bushy pyramid ; full to exudation of an 
amber-like resinous yellow matter, so abundant as to be found in 
icicle-like forms on the branch stems and trunk, and much resemblin£r 
pure Sandarac. It is tolerably hardy, but requires the best soils, and 
warmest situations to enable it to grow and develope itself, and to 
survive the effects of our most severe winters. Its leaves on young 
growths are generally in threes, needle-like, rigid, spreading, glaucous, 
and dull green ; on adult plants in pairs, ovate, blunt-pointed, imbri- 
cated, four-rowed, and greyish-green. Its berries are ovate or globular, 
about half an inch in diameter, dark purple, and when ripe glaucous 
and powdery. It is also found in a Flaccida or Gracilis a more open- 
branched, and drooping form. 

JUNIPERUS PrOSTRATA : The Prostrate Juniper. 

A creeping, crawling, spreading curiosity ; never rising above a foot 
from the ground : useful only for rockwork. Its leaves are generally 
in opposite pairs, small, numerous, sharp-pointed, overlaying each 
other, dull, but shining green in colour. Its berries are also smaU, 
globular in form ; very dark violet, or blackish in colour and glaucous. 



150 



PINACE^. 



From the United States of America and like most of tlie Junipers 
thorouglily hardy ; but at best only a quasi-species of SaMna. 

JUNIPERUS ReCURVA: The Weeping Indian Juniper. 

This is the ^'Aroo/' or rock-inhabiting Juniper of Bhootan and 
IsTepalj attaining heights of from five to ten feet, forming a very 
distinct and elegant little tree, or large bush j with recurved and 
pendular branches, rough, curling, scaling, dark brown bark ; and 
its young leaves being greenish-grey, while the old ones are rusty-brown, 
decayed, chafiy, or withered-like; which gives the plant a very peculiar and 
drooping sickly-like appearance. Its berries are oval, very dark purple, or 
blackish-violet in colour ; smooth and shining when ripe. The plant 
is perfectly hardy in this country, but unless in cool, moist soils, and 
shady situations, or where a humid atmosphere prevails, it should not 
be planted ; for in warm dry soils, and much exposed, or sunny 
situations it gets awfully rusty, unhealthy, and inelegant ; useless for 
any purpose, unless, indeed, for supplying food for parasitical insects or 
rusty fungoids. This juniper, like many of its congeners, is found in 
a mas. (male form,) and fcem, (female form,) the former the more dense- 
branched and dwarfer variety ; and the latter the most common, taller, 
loose, and open-branched ; more drooping and graceful in its habit of 
growth. The male form is frequently confounded with Densa, the 
Bushy Indian Juniper ; but this is a very different and distinct plant. 

JUNIPERUS ReligiOSA : The Sacred or Incense Juniper. 

This is the Dhoop Xewr," or Incense Juniper, of India, much 
esteemed for its first-class timber, and highly venerated, and much 
used by the Hindoos in their religious ceremonies, and burnt as 
incense in the temples on festive occasions. It is found more oi less 
plentiful, in many parts of India, generally on the highest altitudes 
ranging from 10,000 to 16,000 feet, never found below 9,000 feet in a 
natural habitat. In general appearance it much resembles the Bhootan 
Cypress, Torulosa ; and is frequently confounded with it ; but it must 
be remembered that the one produces cones, the other berries, it also 
somewhat resembles the Chinese Juniper, Chinensis, but from this also it 
is quite distinct. Its timber is close-grained, compact, resinous, durable, 
aromatic, free from the ravages of wood-vermin, capable of a good 
polish, and rich ruby- red in colour ; its wood is also vended and known 
in the timber trade as pencil-wood, or Kooloo-wood. In its stature or 
dimensions it varies much. On high altitudes it is dwarfed to a 
sprawling bush, while, on the mountains' slopes, or in valleys where 
the soil is chiefly composed of rock-debris, and rich in humis or alluvial 



BACCIFER^. 



151 



deposits, it attains heights of from forty to eighty feet, with trunk 
circumferences of from six to twelve feet. It is tolerably hardy, but 
somewhat fastidious as to soil and situation in our soils and climate. 
It leaves are disposed in threes, or in opposite pairs, some acute, some 
blunt-pointed ; generally spreading on young growths ; while they are 
more or less imbricated and four-rowed when matured, or upon old 
branches ; branches numerous and compact. Its berries are rounded, 
smooth, two-lobed, about the size of a pea, and purplish in colour. 
Generally one or two seeds are in each- fruit, which are dry, but very 
resinous, strongly aromatic, and highly pungent, and somewhat nauseous 
in flavour. The male and female organs are generally on separate, yet, 
exceptionally found on the same plant. 

JUNIPERUS SabiNA: The Savin or Brathy Juniper. 

This is the representative or prototype of our third, or Sahinoides 
section, the Sahina Altera Cupressoides of the ancients. It, in some 
one or other of its many forms, is to be found in many countries in a 
natural, and in most parts of the world in a cultivated state. Its 
leaves are variously formed, some being scale-like, some needle-like, 
some awl-shaped, and others rounded ; some, again, are very sharp- 
pointed, while others are blunt-pointed; some spreading and some 
imbricated, some bright, while others are dark or dull green ; some 
yellowish-white, others are bluish-green ; some smooth and shining, 
while others are glaucous or pow^dery. Its berries are blackish- 
purple or dark violet, in colour ; some smooth and shining, some 
glaucous or powdery ; all of them small, round, or oval ; about 
the size of small-fruited currants ; and generally one-seeded. Its 
branches are spreading, dense, much ramified, and abundantly furnished 
with short, straight, tufted branchlets ; which are well clothed with 
foliage. It forms a dense-branched, spreading bush, from one to 
two yards high ; growing freely in almost any kind of soil, if in a 
healthy condition, and luxuriates in rocky debris, and is very much 
accelerated in its growth by lime, brick, or other hard, stony, or earthy 
rubbish ; wine-lees, or kitchen or laundry wash or slops in a diluted 
state : it seems to relish a slightly brackish, or soapy food and drink. 
Found in a natural state in most parts of Southern Europe, also on 
the Alps, Appennines, and Pyrenees; and more or less jDlentiful in 
Lombardy, Greece, Spain, and Tauriaj and thoroughly hardy, though 
of very slow growth. Its most striking forms or varieties are : — Nana, 
(the dwarf,) Frostrata, (the creeping,) Tamariscifolia, (the Sahina Altera 
Tamariscoides of the ancients,) and Tamariscifolia Variegata, (the 



152 



variegated Tamarisk-like-leaved form,) and Variegata, (the common 
variegated-leaved.) Each and all of which are, in all their component 
parts, highly fragrant and stimulant : and thoroughly hardy. 

JUNIPERUS SqUAMATA: The Scaly Juniper. 

This kind is called " Pappinja,^^ (creeping juniper,) " Googgul," 
(incense juniper,) " Tlieloo^' (spirituous-juiced juniper,) and " Blie- 
dara^'' (yeast-producing juniper,) by the Indian tribes. In its ligneous 
tissue it is closely allied to its congeners, Densa^ Recurva^ and 
Beligiosa, but in its leaves, fruit, and habit of growth, it is dis- 
tinct from each and all of them ; and more particularly in its products 
of resinous juice, which is much less bitter or pungent. It forms a 
large, spreading, many-branched, creeping or decumbent bush, about a 
yard high. Its leaves are generally in threes, ovate or oblong in form ; 
some acute, some obtuse ; comparatively large ; various shades of 
green colour, and all of them, young and old, more or less glaucous ; while 
on young growths they are linear or lanceolate, some bright green, and 
others green above and white or silvery below ; and on all branches 
they are more scale-formed and imbricated. Its berries are also ovate or 
oblong ; some light blue, some dark purple, and some nearly black in 
colour ; all of them glossy or shining, and more or less scaly-surfaced 
and generally one- seeded. It is hardy enough for the climate of Britain. 

JUNIPKRUS ThurIFERA: The Frankincense Juniper. 

This is a distinct, beautiful, and ornamental kind ; forming a most 
graceful, dense, conical, and perfectly symmetrical httle pyramidal tree ; 
branched to the ground, and regularly tapering to a sharp and finely- 
rounded point, or top ; attaining heights of from twenty to forty feet. 
It is a native of Spain and Portugal ; and hardy enough for our Eng- 
lish winters, though somewhat delicate in cold, or much exposed 
localities. It well deserves a place in every collection of ornamental, 
handsome, or beautiful trees or shrubs. Its leaves are small, narrow, 
rigid, sharp-pointed, rich glaucous grey, or silvery-green in colour ; and 
generally in opposite pairs, somewhat stem-clasping or loosely imbri- 
cated and glandless on the under side. Its berries are comparatively 
large, ovate, changing from bright green to ruby shades as they in- 
crease in maturity ; transforming themselves to violet tints, and when 
ripe assuming a rich, glaucous, dark purple, or black colour. It was 
formerly much used by Southern Europeans, as one of their incense 
plants or trees, hence its name Thurifera/^ 

^ WHen any of the genera or species of Pinaceae in European Roman Catholic 
countries, or under the Greek Church, are called " Thurifesa," be it understood 



BACCIFERyE. 



153 



JUNIPERUS VlRGINIANi? : The Yirginian Juniper. 

So-called from its having been introduced into this country from 
.Korth America more than two centuries ago : and popularly known as 
the " Eed Cedar," a name applied to it on account of its beautiful red- 
coloured wood ; which is correct and appropriate enough when it is 
thoroughly matured or seasoned ; but its young, immature, or sap- 
wood is creamy-white in colour. This juniper, in a more or less 
metamorphosed or altered form, is also to be found in many parts of 
India, in Mexico, and recently in more J^orth-western latitudes of 
the globe. Some of these when first imported appear quite distinct 
species ; but, when cultivated in the same soils, climates, and altitudes, 
gradually revert to the prototype. It attains heights of from twenty- 
live to fifty feet ; and is thoroughly hardy, though its Indian forms 
named Barhademis and Gossainthanea, and their varieties, are more 
or less tender and delicate in this country ; so is its Mexican form. 
Its leaves are of various forms, and very irregularly disposed upon the 
branches, some being scale-formed, some needle-shaped, some lanceo- 
late, some ovate, and some roundish, blunt or sharp-pointed ; in 
opposite pairs, or in whorls of threes ; some scattered, some two-rowed, 
some are four-rowed ; some spreading, and some imbricated ; some 
comparatively long from a quarter to half an inch, but generally short ; 
some thick and leathery, some thin and soft ; some glaucous, some 
smooth and shining ; of various colours ; light or dark green, glaucous, 
grey, or silvery-green ; brownish- green or purplish-green. Its berries 
are comparatively small, globular, or roundish ; of various shades of 
purple colours ; some smooth, some warted or tuberculated ; some 
shining, but generally wdth a glaucous powder when ripe. It produces 
good timber, which is compact, fine-grained, strong, fragrant, and 
durable ; rich in colour ; capable of receiving a good polish ; and not 
subject to the ravages of wood insects, or fungoids. It is useful for 
many domestic purposes, as well as for carpenters, cabinet-makers, 
wood-turners, black-lead pencil makers, and other wood workers. It 
grows freely in almost any kind of soil, if in a healthy condition, and 
is an useful and ornamental small-sized tree, more particularly in 
maritime districts ; but its slow and tardy growth, and small dimen- 
sions, detract much from its value as a profitable timber tree. It is to 

that it is by accommodation of the term from frankincense to incense ; not, of course, 
that they produce the Asiatic sandarac frankincense, but the incense used in lieu of it 
in modern Grecian, or Romish ceremonies of religion. Hence it is that so many of the 
Firs and Pines are so frequently mentioned as producing " frankincense," "incense," 
*' odour " or "sandarac." 



154 



* 

be fourid in many forms and varieties besides those abeady mentioned, 
amongst which I may here mention Caroliniana, (a more compact- 
growing and more thinly- foliaged variety,) Dumosa, (a more bushy and 
spreading form,) Glauca, (a very glaucous-leaved form,) Nana, (a dwarf 
variety,) Variegata, (a variety with part of its leaves or spray of a white 
or yellowish colour,) and Viridis, (a bright green-leaved variety ;) there 
is moreover a Pendula or weeping-branched kind, and of this, again, a 
mascula, or male form; a fcemina^ or female form; a Va rieg at a , Siiid 
a Viridis ; all of which are hardy and highly ornamental. 

S.D. III. PODOGARPE-^E : The Podocarpus Tribe. 

From Greek ttovc ; ttscoc, pedos, of a foot ; " and KapiroQ, harpos, 
^' a fruit ; " fruit footstalked. 

In foliage and general deportment this S.D. might be said to be the 
better-half of the allied S.D, Taxinem ; yet, in their general character- 
istics, particularly in flowers and fruit, and likewise in the ligneous 
tissues, and resinous juices, they are specifically and generically dis- 
tinct from the Yews. 

Flowers, male and female, on the same or separate plants ; some- 
times together, sometimes separate : terminal and solitary, or in spikes 
or clusters. 

Leaves, linear, lanceolate, oblong, needle-shaped, spoon-shaped, awl- 
shaped, or three-sided; opposite, or alternate ; scattered, or in whorls; 
two-rowed, three-rowed, four-rowed, or five-rowed ; nerved, ribbed, or 
channelled ; shining and leathery, sharp or blunt-pointed, various in 
colour ; generally light or dark green, sometimes yellowish, or bluish- 
green ; rarely rusty or brownish-green. 

Fruit, plum-hke, generally about the size of a pea, in some species 
as large as cherries, or moderate-sized plums ; of various colours ; — 
purple, red, violet, yellow, or green : generally shining, some with a 
powdery bloom when ripe ; some singly and some in clusters ; and 
not poisonous nor irritant as in the Yews. 

I 1. CalOPHYLLUS : The Beautiful-Leaved. 

From Greek koXoq, kalos, "beautiful;" and (pvXXoc, pliyllos, ^4eafy:" 
their leaves being so large, massive, many-nerved, shining green, and con- 
spicuously beautiful, — more Laurel-like than Pine-like in their foliage. 

Flowers, male and female, together or separate, on the same or on 
separate plants, in some solitary, in others in clusters. 

Leaves? these are comparatively large for firs or pines, being from 



BACCIFER^. 155 j 

• ] 

two to six inches long, and from half an inch to two inches broad ; ' 

more laurel-like than pine-like. In form, linear, lanceolate, oblong, 
three-sided, or awl-shaped; generally opposite, but frequently alternate; ■ 
two-rowed or five-rowed ; all more or less leathery, stiff, and shining ; 
of various shades of brown, yellow, light or dark green ; all more or I 
less numerously nerved and furrowed ; and some have numerous j 
JStomata, — or breathing-pores on their surface. i 

Fruit, plum-like, globular, generally singly, but frequently in twos ■ 
or threes ; various in size ; some the size of a pea, some as large as 
cherries, changing from green to dark purple Avhen ripe ; but the beau- 
tiful fascicle inflorescence assumes many forms in their cup-like scales : 
or bracts, which at first seems like the germ or embryo of a single 
fruit ; but many of them being temporary, or deciduous in their nature, 
they frequently become disposed in bunches, changing as they increase ] 
in maturity through many shades of green, yellow, or brown; and j 
when thoroughly matured forming a fleshy, thin, glaucous, soft, ■ 
powdery, sloe-like berry, the seed of which is enclosed in the inner 
thin, hard, brittle, and bony shell. 

In this section fCalojohyllusJ w^e have two species, which are to be 
found in many forms or varieties. ^ 

PODOGARPUS JaPONIGA : The Japan Podocarpus. 

This is the " Nagi,'' or " Catkin-bearing Laurel" of the Orientals, 
attaining heights of from twenty-five to fifty feet ; having a smooth, 
fleshy, soft bark, which is of a brown colour ; and its resinous juice is 
strongly balsamic, and highly odoriferous. Its leaves are from one- 
and-a-half to three inches long, and about half as broad as long ; gene- 
rally deep green above, and yellowish or light green below. Its 
branches are generally spreading, opposite, or in whorls ; mostly 
pendent when old, though more or less aspiring when young. Of its j 
many forms I recognize: — Cuspidata, (long-pointed-leaved,) Grandi- \ 
folia, (having leaves five to seven inches long, and one to two inches i 
broad,) Ovaia, (ovate-leaved,) Ovata Variegata, (variegated ovate-leaved ; 
variety,) and Aurea, (golden,) and Argentea, (silvery,) variegated varieties 
of it. All of which are most beautiful ornamental plants, but unfor- I 
tunately more or less tender, and much too delicate and fastidious in 
such a climate as ours. | 

PODOGARPUS LatifOLIA : The Broad-Leaved Podocarpus. 

This is the " Soplough " Pine of India, a most beautiful little ever- \ 
green tree, attaining heights of from twenty to eighty feet in its j 
native habitats, the mountains of Pundna and Salak, and in the Island 1 



1 



156 



of Java j it is also more or less plentiful in Eastern Bengal. It is 
much, influenced in its stature and dimensions, as well as in the size, 
colour, or texture, of its leaves, fruit, and bark, by the soils and alti- 
tudes in or upon which it may produce them. Its leaves are from 
three to seven inches long, and from one to two inches broad. Its 
fruit is globular, generally singly, yet frequently in bunches, particu- 
larly on the branchlets or tips of the branches. It is also found in a 
slightly altered form, named Agathi folia, or Blumii, in catalogues or 
collections ; but in whatever form it may be foimd it is much too 
tender for an ordinary English winter. 

§ 2. StAGHYCARPUS : The Spike-Eruited Podocarpus. 

From the Greek aa^vQ^ saxus, an ear of corn," and mpTroc, Mrpos, 

fruit their floral organs being borne upon more or less elongated foot- 
stalks. But this, be it remembered, like many other botanical enact- 
ments, expresses only comparative, not absolute difference. 

Flowers, male and female, generally on separate plants, exception- 
ally on the same plant ; generally in spikes, exceptionally solitary ; on 
more or less elongated footstalks. 

• Leaves, linear, lanceolate, oblong, foliate, ovate, awl-shaped, or 
needle-shaped ; alternate, opposite, scattered, or in whorls ; and one- 
nerved. Of various sizes, ranging from one-eighth of an inch to eight 
inches in length, and from one-sixteenth of an inch to one inch in 
breadth. Generally light or dark green, in some species yello^vish or 
brownish-green. 

Fruit, drupaceous or plum-like, of various sizes, some as small as 
peas, some as large as plums ; inverted, scaled, adnate and adhering ; 
in form globular, cylindrical, obtuse, ovate, or oblong; solitary, in 
twos, threes, or more in a cluster ; dark purple, light red, yellow, or 
green in colour ; some powdery, some shining, some glaucous, others 
non-glaucous. 

In this section of the Podocarpus I include what botanists have been 
pleased to define as twelve genera, and of these genera about forty 
species, and of these species about as many varieties j and the 
synonyms by which this group is enumerated in botanical literature, 
and found in herbariums and collections, I do not here attempt to 
reckon up ; suffice it to state, that the following enumeration includes 
each and all of the specific or distinct species of this section of the S.D. 
PodocarpecB, all the others being, in my opinion, but quasi-species or 
varieties ; the effects produced by, and inseparable from, the natural 



BACCIFEE^. 



157 



agencies — soil, climate, and altitude ; and, with, three or four excep- 
tions, all of them are too tender and delicate in constitution for our 
climate, hence my knowledge of them is, as a matter of course, more or 
less theoretical ; for in the majority of cases it is founded upon, or 
derived from, dried or preserved specimens of their leaves, fruits, and 
ligneous tissue ; at best but very imperfect materials whereby for 
a practical man to decide Avhether they may have been produced by a 
species, a quasi-species, or a variety ; or are merely the varying products 
of soil, altitude, or climate ; important considerations to the practical 
cultivator, but generally forgotten or ignored by hair-brained species- 
mongers. 

PODOGARPUS AmARA: The Eitter-Juiced Podocarpus. 

This is the Indian ^' Kimerack," attaining heights of from one 
hundred to two hundred feet ; having leaves from two to five inches 
long, and from half an inch to one inch broad, and rich green in 
colour ; with slender, spreading branches, which are disposed on the 
stem in whorls. It is found in Java, and is much too tender for the 
climate of Britain. 

Podocarpus Andina : The Andes Podocarpus. 

Excepting the Corean form of the Chinese Podocarpus, this is one of 
the most hardy and best constituted of the S.D., and in a sweet, healthy 
soil, and warm locality, it wiU succeed tolerably well in this country. 
Its leaves are linear, tapering to base and apex, scattered or two-rowed ; 
from a half to one-and-a-half inches long, and from one to one-and-a-half 
lines broad ; rich glossy green in colour, somewhat rusty on the margin, 
and nicely freckled above, and glaucous below ; the fruit is about the 
size of a cherry, globular in form, and purple in colour. 

It attains heights of from five to twenty-five feet, and the bark is 
smooth, and reddish- brown in colour. It is one of the few species in 
this S.D. which can be grown without protection in the winter, in the 
^ British Isles. 

PODOGARPUS ChusTENSIS : The Chinese Podocarpus. 

This is of a sportive character, and found in three quasi-species, 
many varieties, and still more sub- varieties. Its quasis are Koraiana 
and Macro2)ltylla ; and of these there are Argenteas and Aureus, Ele- 
gant issimas and Canaliculatas, Corrugatas and Micropliyllas. Its 
Corean form is one, if not the most hardy and best constitution ed 
kinds of the Podocarpus tribe, and in good soils, in this country it 
forms a most handsome evergreen shrub, while several of its varieties, 
particularly the large-leaved and variegated, deserve a place in every 



158 



PINACE^. 



collection of Pinacese, where a good healtliy soil, a warm locality, and 
a well-slieltered situation can be afforded to them. Their leaves are of 
various sizes, ranging from half an inch to half a foot in length, thick 
and leathery, linear or lanceolate in form ; conspicuously ribbed, light 
or dark green, silvery or golden ; smooth and sLining, or powdery and 
glaucous j erect-branched, small trees and shrubs ; natives of China, 
Corea, and Japan ] ranging in heights from four to forty feet ; and 
most of them would survive our ordinary winters if planted in our 
warmest localities, in a sweet, healthy soil, and sheltered situation. 

PODOCARPUS CupRESSINA: The Cypress-like Podocarpus. 

This, although a native of Java, and by the natives called 
^^Kimerack," is distinct from Araara ; and the more observant call it 
" Chomoro." It leaves rarely exceed an inch in length, but generally 
they are much shorter, and scale-formed, or cypress-like ; hence its 
name : while the leaves of Ariwra, are from two to four inches long, 
and generally haK an inch broad, and lanceolate j they differ also in the 
disposition of their branches, and in the size and form of their fruits ; 
but like Amara^ it is much too tender for the climate of Britain. 

Podocarpus DaGRYOIDES: The Dacrydium-like, 

This, again, is somewhat related to Cupressina, but in foliage more 
like an Arbor- A^itse than a C^-press ; while in fruit and deportment 
more like a Dacrydium. It attains heights of from one hundred and 
fifty to two hundred feet ; the Xew Zealanders call it " Kaki-Katea,'* 
(water-pine,) and the Colonist " AYhite-wood." Its fruit is small, very 
numerous, sweet and edible ; but, like most of the Podocarpus tribe, it 
is much too tender for Britain. 

Podocarpus Elata: The Tall or Lofty Podocarpus. 

This is the Hako-terro," or big-tree of Xew HoUand ; attaining 
heights of from one hundred to two hundred feet. The same tree, 
more or less altered by soil, climate, and altitude, has been found in 
Abyssinia, Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, Xepal, and Xew Guinea ; and ^ 
has been again and again re-introduced and re-christened ; for it is to 
be found with such names as eIo?igafa, Lcnnbertiana^ loeta^ nobih's, 
spicata, spinidosa^ tlievetioefolia, and Thunbergii ; their only differ- 
ences being in the size, form or colour of their leaves ; each and all of 
which quasi-species, forms or varieties are much too tender in the British 
Isles. 

Podocarpus Ferrugustea: The Eusty-coloured Podocarpus. 
This is the " Mairo," of the I^ew Zealanders, attaining a height of 
about fifty feet j with leaves from half an inch to two inches long, 



BACCIFEK^. 



159 



variously formed, some being linear, some needle or awl-shaped, while 
not a few are scale-formed ; some are bright glossy green above a]id 
glaucous below ; but the adult leaves generally assume a rusty-brown 
colour ; the bark also is reddish or rusty-brown in colour : and, moreover, 
its nut-like fruit is reddish, and more or less covered with a glaucous 
rusty powder. The same tree is to be found on the more elevated 
parts of the volcanic mountains of Java ; only slightly altered in the 
size and colour of its leaves ; and is to be found in catalogues and 
collections named Discolor, In either of its forms it is thoroughly 
tender in this country. 

PODOCARPUS JaMAICAENSIS : The Jamaica Podocarpus. 

This is the " Yacca," of the native tribes of the West Indian Islands; 
and a very sportive or changeable kind ; for it is to be found in the 
most northern parts of JN'ew Zealand, and on the highest mountains 
nearly to the limits of the perpetual snow line, reduced to a perfect 
pygmy or gnarled bush, w^ith small, thick, yew-like leaves ; and in 
this form it has been introduced to us and named Nivalis, (Snowy 
Podocarpus.) On the Antilles,, and blue mountains of Jamaica, it 
attains heights of fifty feet, with leaves from one to two inches long, 
and half an inch broad ; thick, shining and leathery : and in this form 
it has been introduced to us and named Coriacea, (leathery-leaved Podo- 
carpus.) While on the eastern declivities of the Island of Jamaica 
it attains heights of one hundred feet, with leaves from two to six inches 
long, and from half an inch to an inch broad. In whatever form, 
however, enlarged or reduced, it is much too tender for this climate. 

Podocarpus NereiFOLIA: The ]^erium-Leaved Podocarpus. 

This is the Goonsi," of India ; attaining heights of from thirty to 
fifty feet ; with leaves from three to six inches long, and about half an 
inch broad ; lanceolate, and acute-pointed, thick, fiat, and leathery ; 
bright green above, and yellowish-green below ; having a prominent 
mid-rib ; and not unlike the Oleander in foliage ; hence its name. Its 
fruit, or rather the peduncles thereof, is sweet and edible ; and is used 
as an article of food by the native tribes. It is a distinct kind, and 
tolerably constant in its distinguishing characteristics ; but, like most 
of the tribe, much too tender for our climate. 

Podocarpus Rigida: The Stiff-Leaved Podocarpus. 

This is found in Peru, attaining heights of from twenty-five to fifty feet, 
with leaves from one to two inches long, and from one to two inches broad; 
variously formed, linear, lanceolate, sickle-shaped, and yew-like, fiat, 
smooth, and leathery ; some obtuse or rounded at the point, others 



160 



PINACEJE. 



very sliarp-pointed ; one-nerved, shining, glossy green above and 
yellowish-green below. It is found in a slightly altered form on the 
mountains of Saragura, (in the same country,) from whence it was 
introduced to us as Taxifolia^ and still more recently it has again been 
re-introduced and re-named Taxifolia densifolia. It is half-hardy. 

PODOGARPUS SaliGIFOLIA : TheWillow-LeavedPodocarpus. 

This kind is found more or less plentiful on the Colombian moun- 
tains, and other high altitudes of the north-western parts of South 
America ; and at best it is only a very slightly altered form of the 
preceding ] for the oleander-leaved, and the willow-leaved Podo- 
carpus are one and the same tree ; though found in two distinct native 
habitats. Both of these forms are quite tender in Britain. 

PODOGARPUS ToTARA: The Kew Zealand Totara Pine. 

This kind is at best only a quasi-species of Elata^ ''Kaka-terro," or 
big- tree of jS^ew Zealand ; the natives call it " Totarra," and the 
colonists esteem it more than they do " Kaka-terro," inasmuch as it 
produces more durable, compact, close-grained, and ruby-coloured wood, 
than the big-tree ; but when this is the case, the quantity is less, and 
the tree only attains one hundred feet in height ; which clearly in- 
dicates to us that these mighty influences — soil, climate, and altitude, are 
the agents which produce such results : for when found in warm alluvial 
valleys, or soils rich in natural humis, then we have Elata instead of 
Totara, a two hundred instead of a one hundred feet tree ; a creamy- 
white or brownish-yellow instead of a rich ruby-coloured wood. Such 
remarkable changes or transformations are, however, only the phe- 
nomena of nature's laws. 

PODOGARPUS ValdIVIANA : The Yaldivian Podocarpus. 

This kind, though nearly allied to Andiiia, is distinct from it both in 
foliage and fruit. It is also somewhat sportive in character ; and has 
been frequently re-introduced into this country as a new species, and 
two or three years ago as a new genus of Pinacese ; and named 
Prumnopitys Elegans : the Elegant Plum-Fruited Pine. It was 
formerly introduced and named Saxe-Gothcea Gracilis: and is to be 
found in catalogues and collections named Podocarpus Nuhigcena, It has 
been found in several habitats in Chili, more particularly in the provinces 
of Yaldivia and Colchagua ; and also, though less plentifully on the 
Andes of Chili and Patagonia. It attains heights of from twenty-five 
to fifty feet, with linear, thick, flat, foliage, dark glossy green above, 
and lighter and more or less glaucous green below ; from half an inch 
to one-and-a-half inches in length ; one-nerved ; and generally disposed 



BACCIFEKiE. 



161 



in two rows. Its fruit is oblong or globular ; the receptacle ovate or 
unequal-sided ; generally singly ; at first green changing to yellowish- 
green as it arrives at maturity, and when thoroughly ripe assuming a 
brownish-yellow colour; the drupes are from half-an-inch to three- 
quarters of an inch long, and about two-thirds as broad; pleasant to 
the taste and edible ; and used by the native tribes as an article of 
food. It is tolerably hardy ; but unless in the best soils, warmest 
localities, or best sheltered situations it will not stand the severity of a 
very hard winter in Eritain. 

S.D. IT, SyMMORPHAPITE^ : The Allied Pine Tribe. 

From Greek aviuLfxopcpog, symmoT2')lios "allied," (or like in juice and 
wood) and irtrvQ, pitys ; "a pine tree.'^ This re-arranged S.D. of my 
Bacciferae or Fruit-bearing Pines, formed of old and well known 
materials, I have been forced, as it were, to adopt in this way, so as to 
enable me to include in my arrangement of Pinacese some genera which 
by most authors are admitted into, and treated as, Coniferae. Although 
not one of them is such, yet, I consider myself warranted in including 
them in this reunion of the Firs and Pines ; inasmuch as they are, 
though, to a certain extent, generically and specifically distinct from, yet, to 
a certain extent, so closely related or allied to, some of the other species 
of my Baccifers, in their juices, structure, and general deportment, as to 
entitle them to be admitted ; not upon sufi*erance, however, but, under 
the auspices of their generic name ; as legitimate claimants for presen- 
tation at this court of Pinacese. 

§ 1. Ch^TOCLADUS : The Bristle-Branched Allied Pine. 

From Greek x"*''"? chaeta, a bristle ; " and jcXaSoc, Mados^ ei 
branch ; " the resemblance of their branches ; forming as it were a 
bristly-branched bush. 

Mowers, male and female, generally together, yet, exceptionally 
separate ; males generally sitting close to the stem joints ; females 
generally produced close to the joints, and on solitary footstalks ; 
comparatively, — some are long, and some short. 

Leaves, very small, few and distant ; generally two at the joints of the 
very numerous, slender, many-jointed, articulate or divaricate branches; 
which are generally furnished with sheath-like appendages ; some of 
the bristly or hair-like twigs are erect, some drooping. 

Fruit, generally smaU ; some produce succulent or fleshy, some dry 
or leathery carpels, or nut-like formations ; some have one, others two 
seeds in a fruit. M 



162 



PINACE^. 



Ch^TOCLADUS AlTISSIMA: Lofty Bristle-Branched AUied 
Pine. 

This is found in Sicily, Spain, the Canary Islands ; also indigenous to 
the western regions of the Mediterranean : a climbing shrub, attaining 
heights of from fifteen to twenty feet. 

Ch^TOCLADUS DistaCHYS: Twin-Spiked Bristle-Branched 
Allied Pine. 

Found on the shores of the Mediterranean, Barbary, Egypt, Greece, 
Italy, Portugal, and Spain ; a curious, dwarf, erect-branched shrub ; 
never exceeding a yard in height. 

Ch^TOCLADUS MoNOSTACHYS : Spiked Bristle-branched 
Allied Pine. 

This also is indigenous to the Mediterranean coasts, and to be found 
in Asia and Siberia. It forms a dwarf, tubercled, erect-branched 
shrub, never exceeding a yard in height. 

These three kinds are all the members of this little family or group 
f the Allied Pines, which require notice here ; and are only useful 
for adding variety to, or for increasing our lists or collections of curious 
and ornamental plants. 

§ 2. Phyllogladus : The Leaf-Branched Allied Pine. 

From Greek (pvWov, phyllon, '^sl leaf;" and KXaSog, Jclados, "a 
branch resemblance of their branches to leaves. 

Flowers, male and female, on the same plant, but separate ; terminal 
and in clusters, fertile ones generally in twos or threes in close heads. 

Leaves, minute scale-formations, branchlets, leaf-like formations, 
fan-shaped, wedge-shaped, rhomboid, toothed, lobed, or cut-like, and- 
feather-nerved, some pinnate with wing-like appendages, and of various 
shades of green and rusty-brown colour. 

Fruit, in connected heads two or three in a cluster, generally small, 
with fleshy disks, each containing a small nut-like seed, with a thin 
shell, having their apex bare, and their base enclosed in the fleshy disk. 

Phyllogladus Rhomboidalis : The Ehomboidal Allied 

Pine. 

This forms a most picturesque, branching tree, attaining heights of 
from thirty to fifty feet ; but being from Tasmania's humid clime, and 
w^arm volcanic soil, it is too tender and delicate for the British Isles. 
There are the following two quasi-species or varieties of it, viz. ; — 
Glaiica, (a more glaucous form, ) and Hypopliylla^ (a kind with more 
numerous and distinct under-leaves, and more regularly oval-rhomboid 



B ACCIFERiE. 



163 



leaf-formed branclilets,) both of wluch, like the species, are too tender 
for our climate. 

PhyLLOCLADUS TriCHOMANOIDES : Maiden-hair-like 
Allied Pine. 

This is the ' Tanekaha/ or ' Toa-Toa/ of the Xew Zealanders, the 
timber of which is much esteemed by them, and they use the bark in 
the dyeing of their red and black mats. It attains heights of from 
fifty to seventy feet, with trunks of from ten to fifteen feet in circum- 
ference, and forms a very graceful, spreading-branched tree. There is 
also an Alpina^ or dwarf mountain form of it, found on the Tongariro 
and Euahine, and other high lands around jN'elson in JSTew Zealand. 
It is much too tender for our climate. 

§ 3. PterophylluS: The Feather-Leaved Allied Pine. 

Prom Greek irTepovy pteron, a feather: " and (pvXXor, phyllon, ^' a 
leaf ; " from the feathery appearance of their leaves. 

Flowers, male and female, on separate plants, males in spikes, 
axillary, minus footstalks ; females in clusters, with footstalks, and 
terminal. 

Leaves, deciduous, of various sizes, from three to nine inches in 
circumference, more or less divided, some two, some three, some five, 
and some seven-lobed ; the principal lobes, again generally subdivided, 
and more or less cut, or serrated on the edges ; fan or feather-hke, flat, 
leathery, thick, and more or less numerously nerved, or ribbed on each 
side, and tapering to their base where they unite with the long, pliant, 
glossy, yellowish-green footstalk ; the leaves of the species are also 
yellowish-green, but in some of the varieties there are golden and 
creamy-white colours in the variegation. 

Fruit, plum-like, smooth, and fleshy, in small cups, globular, with 
long footstalks, each fruit containing one seed of a globular form and 
whitish colour, and nut-like, with a hard, smooth, bony shell ; the fruit 
when ripe is of a light glossy-green or yellowish colour. 

PTEROPHYLLUS SaliSBURIENSIS : Salisbury 's Allied Pine. 

This is a native of China, where it attains heights of from seventy 
to ninety feet. The Chinese call it ' Gink-go,' (full of leafless buds in 
winter,) and * Gin-ki-go,' (a tree without leaves in winter,) and the 
Japanese names for it are ' Ginaua,' (deciduous tree,) and ^ Pusi-kin-go,' 
(buds crowned with leaves in summer.) It is a somewhat remarkable 
tree on account of its feathery, fan-like foliage, and also for its straight 
stem, conical-shaped head, rough greyish bark, alternate, ascending, 

M 2 



164 



PINACE^. 



horizontal, and drooping branches j short, spur-like branchlets, its pro- 
minent buds, and its close, vertical clusters of leaves. 

Its timber is yellowish-white and beautifully veined, compact, close- 
grained, fine in texture, moderately hard, and tolerably durable, easily 
wrought, and capable of receiving a good polish ; but its slow rate of 
growth, and its being somewhat delicate, and very fastidious as to soil 
and situation, disqualify it from taking rank as a profitable timber tree 
in these realms. 

As an ornamental tree it is very useful, and in every collection of 
fine foliaged trees, where there may be a deep loamy soil, on a dry 
bottom, or a gravelly soil with porous substrata, a warm locality, or a 
well sheltered situation, it should have a place. 

There are also the following varieties of it, viz. : — Aurea, (the 
golden- variegated,) Argentea, (the silvery,) laciniata, (the much-cut or 
many lobe-leaved,) MacrophyUa,(t'h.e very-large-leaved,) SindMicropkylla, 
(a smaller-leaved variety,) all of which are beautiful ornamental trees. 

S.D. V. Taxine^ : The Yew Tribe. 

The Greek ro^or, "a, bow" ; being akin to ra^a, ''to stretch"; and 
rai^o, " to draiv or 'pull^' man having become an expert in the arts of 
war and hunting before he took to literature ; the bow and arrow being 
the ancient weapons for these arts, and the " bow" being made of yew- 
wood. In far remote periods of the world's history, the bow and 
arrow were held in as high estimation, and in some countries and 
amongst some tribes, were as much practiced, as is our present more 
perfect and efiicient weapon the rifle amongst ourselves ; and our own 
national and noble pastime, or art of archery, is only the same idea in 
a more humane and refined form. The inhabitants of the Balearic and 
other Mediterranean Isles, have always been noted for their archery. 
They learned it when young, and rather ingeniously, inasmuch, as 
when the children were hungry, their victuals were set upon a beam, 
and before partaking of them, they must needs hit them with a dart or 
arrow. Every mother who might pride herself upon the possession of 
a favourite son, made it a rule of daily observance to place his dinner 
before him, and that he must hit it with the arrow from his Toxon, 
(bow,) before he was allowed to partake of the viands. 

Toxon, again, is the origin of the term Toxica, " poison," inasmuch, 
as in former times, nay, even through all epochs of the world's extant 
history, the Yew was, is, and most probably shaU be considered 
poisonous j there is, however, much popular error prevalent anent this 



BACCIFEKiE. 



165 



subject ; for it is not tlie berry, as a berry, that is so, but tbe husk of 
the kernel or seed that acts as an irritant upon the stomach and intes- 
tines of man ] the fleshy pulp, and the seed, or rather the embryo or 
farina thereof, being innocuous. Moreover, the leaves, or young 
twigs, or branchlets in late spring or early summer, when the sap is 
in full flow, or ascending, and before being perfectly elaborated, and 
compounded or confected in nature's laboratory, and the component 
ingredients thereof not yet assigned their proper place in the tree's 
system, but being, as it were, in a crude state as received from the 
spongilets or feeding rootlets, then they are innocuous : while, in the 
late autumn, winter, and early spring months, when the sap is 
thoroughly matured, and when the tree is in a state of rest, as contra- 
distinguished from its feeding season, then these leaves or twigs will 
produce the same injurious eflects as irritants upon the stomach and 
intestines of many of our four-footed domestic, or wild, ruminating 
animals. It is even yet more remarkable, that, v/hen the leaves or 
twigs are full of the flowing or crude sap, while the tree is in full 
growth, or vigorously taking in its annual diet, then also will these 
leaves and tivigs, if cut from the tree for a few days, and partially 
dried or w^ithered, produce these noxious or irritant effects : yet if 
thoroughly dried or completely withered they are harmless. In this fact 
there is a most beautiful illustration to man as a chemist, and an indication 
to him of how much he has yet to learn in nature's chemical laboratory. 

Again, Taxis, "arrangement," from the Greek raaaco, '^to arrange", has 
some affinity, and the name Taxus, may or may not owe its origin to 
this root, inasmuch as the arrangement of the leaves is somewhat 
regular, being disposed on the branches not unlike the tooth of a 
comb. Our own familiar English name Yew, is derived from the 
ancient Celtic iiv, " green." 

One is struck with the wide difference between the range of names 
of this tree among northern nations, and the Asiatic, and South Euro- 
pean. It is plain there are two origins for them, the Celtic iw, Saxon 
if, which is retained to the letter by the French if, German eibe, 
English Yeio : whereas the Italians in their tasso, and the Spaniards 
in their tejo, texo, follow the Grecian or Latin origin. 

It were a curious question in philology what might be the origin 
and sense of the Saxon word if, and Celtic iw. Some derive even this 
also from the Greek, — from the Greek word lttto), ipto to hurt, because of 
the deleterious character of the yew, or of its destructiveness in the bow, or 
the poisoned arrows, of which Pliny writes so much : lib. xvi, c. 10. 



166 



PINACE^. 



Mowers, male and female, generally on different plants, yet, in 
some species, upon the same plant, but separate. 

Leaves, oblong, oval, roundisli, linear or lanceolate, sharp or blunt- 
pointed, concave falcate, flat, keeled, or ribbed; two-rowed, alternate, 
or spiral; generally green above, and more or less glaucous below; with 
the seed-leaves generally in twos. 

Berries, various in form, oval, oblong, or roundish, solitary or in 
clusters, some nut-like in fleshy cups, some composed of several con- 
solidated scale-like parts ; of various colours ; scarlet, purple, brown, or 
yellowish-green. Seeds of various sizes and forms, generally nut-like, 
with a bony shell. 

§ 1. CkpHALOTAXUS : The Cluster- Flowered Yew. 

From the Greek /cf^aX??, kepliale, "a head;" and ra^cc, taxis^ 
arrangement ;" the flowers being produced in close globular heads. 

Mowers, male and female, on different plants. 

Leaves, alternate, two-rowed, or opposite, acute-pointed, flat, 
straight, falcate, or curved ; one-nerved, having two glaucous bands on 
their imder face ; the mid-rib and margins glossy green. Seed-leaves 
in twos. 

Fruit, comparatively large, one to one-and-a-half inches long, and 
about half as broad, plum-like, fleshy, more or less elliptical or oval ; 
generally two or three in a cluster. Seeds, nut-like, with a bony-shell, 
having one seed in each fleshy disk. 

CepHALOTAXUS DrUPAGEA: The Plum-Fruited. 

This forms a very compact little evergreen tree, attaining heights of 
from fifteen to thirty feet ; with the branches regularly disposed in 
horizontal whorls, and well clothed with foliage ; of a bright glossy 
green above, having a broad glaucous or silvery band on each side of 
the mid-rib on the under side. It is a native of China, and sufficiently 
hardy for our climate, but requires a good soil, a sheltered situation, 
and more or less humidity and shade to develope itself in this country 
when it would be found useful as an ornamental plant. There is also 
a Glauca, a more glaucous or sUvery-leaved variety ; which, however, is 
only caused by the soil and situation wherein it may be gi'own. 

CepHALOTAXUS FortuNII : Fortune's Chinese Yew. 

This kind is likewise tolerably hardy, but requires a warm locality 
or well sheltered situation. It attains heights of from thirty to sixty 
feet. Its branches, like to all its congeners, are disposed in whorls along 
the stem ; its leaves are variable in size, generally linear-lanceolate ; on 



BACCIFEE^. 



167 



young plants, and on the principal branches, they are longer and more 
scattered, while on the branchlets they are regularly arranged in two 
rows ; glossy green above and more or less glaucous or silvery below. 
It is a very distinct and beautiful Pine, and deserves a place in every 
large collection of ornamental trees. There are various forms of it, 
such as foemina, (female form,) mascula, (male form,) and pendula, 
(pendent-branched. ) 

CepHALOTAXUS PedUNGULATA: The Long-Stalked. 

This, too, is a native of China. A small, numerous, spreading- 
branched tree, from fifteen to twenty-five feet in height ; having linear- 
falcate leaves, one-and-a-half to three inches long ; which are glossy 
bright green above, and whitish or glaucous on each side the linear 
nerve below. It is somewhat more hardy, and less capricious as to 
soil and situation in our chmate, than either of the preceding kinds ; 
and is generally found in catalogues and collections named Taxus 
Harringtonii^ (The Earl of Harrington's Yew.) It is a useful small 
tree or large ornamental shrub. The same plant, somewhat altered, 
has been re-introduced under the name Ceplialotaxus Umhraculifera ; 
and, again, as a new species and named Torre y a Grandis, 

§ 2. FCETATAXUS: The Strong- Odour ed Yew. 

From foetidm, stinking," and Taxus, " Yew," resemblance of all 
their parts when pressed or heated ; emitting a strong unpleasant 
odour, hence in their native habitats they are called "stinking nut- 
megs," and " stinking cedars." 

Flowers, male and female on different plants ; males solitary, 
females in twos or threes. 

Leaves, alternate, opposite, two-rowed or scattered ; linear or lanceo- 
late, flat, falcate, straight or curved ; from half-an-inch to three inches 
long, with short footstalks, and of a light or dark green colour ; with 
two yellowish or brownish bands on their under surface. 

Berries, plum-like, oval, and green, or yellowish purple in colour ; 
having nut-like seeds with a hard bony shell. 

FCETATAXUS MONTANA: The Mountain Yew. 

This is the American " Stinking Cedar." It attains heights of from 
twenty-five to fifty feet, forming a handsome, pyramidal, spreading- 
branched tree ; with yew-like leaves, which are from one to two inches 
long ; light shining green above, and glaucous grey below ; having a 
reddish band on each side of the mid-rib. 

It is tolerably hardy, but of very slow growth in this country ; and 



168 



PINACEiE. 



only useful for adding to the numbers of a large collection of Pinacese. 

FCETATAXUS MyrISTIGA : The Californian Yew. 

This forms a small round-headed, spreading-branched tree; from 
twenty to forty feet in height. Its leaves are from two to three inches 
long, and of a very pale or yellowish-green colour. It is tolerably 
hardy, but of no economic value as a timber tree ; and only useful 
for increasing our list of ornamental Yews. 

FCETATAXUS NUGIFKRA: The ^^ut-Eearing Yew. 

This is the Chinese " Stinking Yew ; " attaining heights of from 
fifteen to twenty feet. It is tolerably hardy, but it has nothing to 
recommend it to our especial notice ; it is, however, a distinct and 
interesting form of the Yew. 

§ 3. SquAMATAXUS : The Scale-Fruited Yew. 

From the Greek word f c/ca/x/xat, the perfect tense of o-mTrrw, " dig or 
scratch;" hence Latin squama^ "a scale or peel;" and taxus, "Yew;" 
the fruit being composed of consolidated, yet free scales ; forming 
a fleshy cone-like fruit. 

Flowers, male and female separate but on the same plant, males in 
spikes, females in globular heads. 

Leaves, alternate or scattered ; linear, lanceolate, or oblong ; sickle- 
shaped or re-curved, and somewhat two-rowed ; green above, with a 
glaucous band on each side of the mid-rib below : generally acute- 
pointed, and with very short footstalks. 

Fruit, composed of several consolidated, yet, free scales, forming a 
fleshy cone-formed berry, somewhat depressed in form, angular-sur- 
faced ; thickly covered with spiny humps, or tubercles. Seeds, ovate 
nut-like, and of a pale brown colour. 

SQUAMATAXUS AlBKRTIANA: PrinceAlbert's SquamousYe w. 

This is the only species we have in this Section of Taxineoe ; and a 
very distinct and interesting little tree or large shrub it is. In its 
native habitat, on the Patagonian Mountains, it attains heights of 
from fifteen to thirty feet. It is somewhat too tender and delicate for 
general planting in our chmate ; but in a warm locality, a healthy dry 
soil, and a sheltered situation it would stand our English winters ; but 
at best it can only be classed as a distinct species of Pinaceae : a curi- 
ous and interesting tree in any collection of the Firs and Pines. 

§ 4. YeRATAXUS : The True Yew. 
Flowers, male and female on different plants. 



BACCIFER^. 



169 



Leaves, linear, lanceolate, oblong, or rounded ; alternate, decurrent, 
leathery, stiff, or pliant ; and of various colours. 

Berries, round, oval, or spherical ; scarlet, brown, or yellowish ; 
having nut-like seeds with a bony shell or husk ; free and exposed at 
the top, and covered or enclosed at the base in a fleshy cup or disk, 
which is glutinous. 

In this section we have the Common Yew, and its many quasi- 
sjpecies, varieties^ and sub -varieties : an assemblage of trees and shrubs, 
which are natives of Europe, Amerjca, China, and Asia, but to be 
found either in an indigenous or exotic state in most temperate regions 
of the globe. Many of them produce first-class timber, which is more 
or less close-grained, hard, tough as leather, flexible, elastic, and im- 
perishable in its degree of durability ; capable of a high polish, rich in 
colour, very frequently beautifully marbled and veined, and much 
prized by turners and other wood artists. 

The Yew is thoroughly hardy, good in constitution, living to a 
fabulous age ; and will grow in almost any description of soil if in a 
sweet and healthy condition ; but prefers moist to very dry ones, and 
luxuriates in loams and clays, and in stony debris, and shady situa- 
tions. They are comparatively small-sized trees, and manjs of them 
only large shrubs, while not a few of them are but pigmies or sprawl- 
ing bushes : yet, a cognate group of plants of the most suitable descrip- 
tion for forming'hedges, shelter belts, screens, or mixed shrubberies : in 
short for any decorative or ornamental planting whatever. For resist- 
ing wet, or alternate wet and dryness, and the inclemency or variable- 
ness of our weather ; for their being proof against fungoids, or other 
plant-enemies ; for their so well enduring to be dipt or shorn into 
grotesque forms ; and for forming plant-statuary, few if any species oi 
varieties of plants are better adapted ; while, even, in their natural 
forms they are most varied and dissimilar ; some of them, e. g. Com- 
munis, are quite expansive or spreading in their habit of growth; 
some perfectly erect and cylindrical, e. g. the Irish form ; some, again, 
are pendent-branched, while some are conical little pillars and others 
round or spherical little pigmies. Again, in their foliage they are 
equally diversified, some of which are superlatively variegated, others 
lively sea or pea-green ; while the most of them are dull and sombre- 
green in colour ; and a few of them rusty or brownish-green, others 
yellowish-green : some have large ample foliage, others have smaU 
scale-like leaves. 

When Arboriculture is enthroned in her own legitimate 



170 



PINACE^. 



throne ; wliicli at times is being usurped by Horticulture, or still more 
frequently by that art at present popularly known as Landscape 
Gardening," which correctly rendered, and as at present too frequently 
practiced, might be defined as, helter-shelter-planting-of-trees-and-shruhs- 
upon-tlie-face-of-the-earth : and which popular art does very much 
resemble another phase of an equally popular art — the colour mania 
in Flower Gardening ; " in which the colour-culturists have now run to 
the extreme acme of over-done contrivance : inasmuch, as they have 
satiated us wdtli their Gorgeous Eibbons," Manchester Prints," 
Brussels Carpets," "Kidderminster Eugs," Geometrical Floor-cloths," 
and " Damask Covers ; " at least, in so far as these, (in their proper 
places, most useful, and higlily appreciated domestic articles,) are at 
present mimicked, in what is ycleped " Flower Gardening," and as 
practiced by too many of the colour-culturists of our own country, and 
our own day. . 

Better by far, methinks, were we to follow ancient customs, and 
make art imitate nature, than when, as I have just deprecated, nature is 
fettered to imitate art. Better by far, however, for the carpet to copy 
the verdant and floral earth, than tlie earth the carpet. Be this as it 
may, our neiv ideas of " Flower Gardening," have many an old counter- 
poise , — e.g. the Arabs, during the battle of Cadesia, occupied Madayn, 
and obtained amongst their other enormous spoils, from the Persians, 
a most extraordinary carpet, so superb in silk and cloth of gold, so 
elaborately wrought with curious and most costly jewels — the beryl and 
the emerald, the ruby and the sapphire, the topaz and the pearl were 
in it arranged with such consummate skill, — as to represent, in beautiful 
mosaic, trees and fruits, shrubs and flowers, rivulets and fountains ; 
yes, and firs and pines of many kinds were in this ideal winter para- 
dise or garden; which decorated an apartment of the palace, and which 
carpet was nearly thirty yards in length, and as much in breadth : and 
which must have been, indeed, very valuable, inasmuch as history 
informs us that, when the ruthless Omar, the Arab Chief, eventually 
ordered it to Le cut to pieces, for division, the share of Ali alone, 
not bigger than a man's hand, was estimated as worth nearly ten thou- 
sand pounds ! I 

This artistic, yet old idea, seems of less questionable taste than our 
new " bedding-out" one in summer, and from which old one we might 
extract a sun-beam, or new one in our " bedding-in," particularly in 
winter-gardening. This " blaze of colour" mania is now, however, like 
most others, acted upon by fashion's contagious influence, and has at 



BACCIFER.^:. 



171 



last taken possession of the villa parterre, the city window, and the 
rural cottage : when, however, I say, we have elevated Arboriculture to 
her proper place as an art, and when the "landscape" shall become 
part of her domain, the '^shrubbery," "flower-bed," "garden-plot," 
and " window," take leaves from her book for the ornamentation of 
our homes : in that ' good time coming,' which seems not so far dis- 
tant as many suppose ; —for even now, we have indications of that 
brighter morning, of that more enduring day, when a more natural, a 
more noble, and a more truly refined taste or fashion shall prevail, in 
the artistic embellishment of England's happy ' homes : ' — the Yew, in 
its now numerous forms, varieties, and sub-varieties, will then stand 
high in public estimation. 

TaxUS Adpressa: The Flattened-Branched Yew. 

This although a hybrid, or seminal sport from the protot}'3)e Com- 
mimis, is nevertheless a very distinct and interesting form of the Yew : 
forming a numerous and flattened-branched, thickly-foliaged, and orna- 
mental small tree, or large spreading bush, having small, flat, oblong, 
dark glossy-green leaves, which, however, are hghter and slightly 
glaucous on their under face. It is thoroughly hardy, and well adapted 
for most descriptions of decorative planting, particularly for large rock- 
work and embankments. There is an E7'ecta, — a more erect-branched 
form of it ; likewise a Variegata, — a more slender-branched sub-variety, 
having some of its young shoots covered with yellowish-green, or straw- 
coloured spray ; some of the leaves, with their tips and margins, of a 
creamy- white, and the centre green on the upper face, while all of them 
have more green on the under side, rendering it a curious bizarre-looking 
little bush : shade and humidity being its likes, and sun and expo- 
sure its dislikes. 

TaxUS Canadensis : The Canadian Yew. 

This forms a numerous-branched, spreading bush, attaining heights 
of from one to four yards, distinguished from the common Yew by its 
shorter leaves, and browner-coloured bark and spray ; a hardy, useful, 
and interesting form of the Yew. 

Taxus Communis : The Common Yew. 

This is the prototype and representative of this Verataxus section of 
our S.D. Taximce. It is to be found in most European countries in an 
indigenous, and, in most temperate regions of the globe in an exotic 
state ; and being, like all the other species of Pinacese, much in- 
fluenced in its stature or dimensions by the soils, climates, or altitudes 
in or upon which it may be grown ; it is, as a matter of course, to be 



172 



PINACEiE. 



found ranging from five to fifty feet in height. When fully grown it 
will, whatever its height, be generally found with a short stem or 
trunk, and an ample, bushy head, densely branched, and literally 
covered mth dark sombre-green leaves, which when matured all assume 
a drooping habit. It is valuable for its timber, and most useful for its 
adaptation to almost all descriptions of soils, climates, and altitudes, 
and for every description of planting, whether useful or ornamental j 
thoroughly hardy, though of slow growth, and an indispensable tree. 

Of its numerous forms or varieties, all of which, however, are only 
to be considered as useful, and more or less beautiful small sized trees 
or shrubs, I select the following : — 

Argentea, (the silvery-variegated variety,) having some of its branches 
clothed mth leaves which are of a creamy- white on their margins, and 
at their points ; which mixed with the green ones, renders the spray 
very pretty. 

Aurea, this is the golden-variegated variety, in nothing but the 
colour different from the preceding variety. 

BrevifoUa, (the short-leaved variety,) this has much shorter, and 
more rounded leaves than the prototype ; and is a distinct variety of the 
Yew. 

Epacriodes, (the epacris-like variety,) an elegant, distinct, numerous- 
branched, dark-green-leaved, prickly -habited, ornamental plant. 

Erecta, (the erect-growing variety,) differing from the pyramidal 
variety in its more rounded base, cyhndrical form, and the more stem- 
clasping habit of its branches. 

Erecioides, (the heath-like variety,) a small-leaved, slender-branched, 
numerous-sprigged little pigmy ; and a pretty shrub. 

Fructus-LuteuSy (the yellow-fruited.) 

Glaucus, (the glaucous-leaved.) 

Gracilis, (the slender-branched.) 

Nana, (the dwarf.) 

Nigra, (the very-dark-green-leaved.) 

These five kinds are all thoroughly hardy, and useful shrubs ; and 
their names explain their character and variety. 

Pendula, (the pendent or drooping-branched variety ;) when left to 
ITature its branches scarcely ever are inclined to grow erect or ascend 
upwards ; but when this kind is grafted or inarched upon a stem of the 
common, or some of its straight and tall growing varieties, then we 
have what we term a " Weeping Yew : " and there is again of this 
pendula several forms, found in catalogues and collections under such 



BACCIFER.E. 



173 



names as Dovasfonii, Jac'ksonii, Recurvafa, and Prosfrata ; and, 
moreover, a variegata or variegated variety of this pendent-branclied 
Yew is also extant, 

Pyramidal is, (tlie pyramidal variety :) this kind is more conical in 
form, with a broader base, and more tapering to its point than either 
erect a, or fastigiata ; somewhat intermediate ; and of this, again, there 
are more forms than one; amongst which may be mentioned Ches- 
huntensis. There is, moreover, a Pyramidalis-Variegata, a nice-habited, 
ample and fastigiate-foliaged ; green, yellowish, and creamy- white- 
sprayed variety of the pyramidal form of the English Yew. 

Sparsifolia, (the thin, sparse, or poorly-foliaged variety,) more 
curious than beautiful, nevertheless, a distinct form of the common Yew. 

Variegata, (the variegated variety ;) this must not be confounded 
with any of the A ureas and Argenteas already mentioned ; inasmuch, 
as it is a very different and very sportive variety of the yew : at times 
and seasons part of its foliage being of a yellowish-green or straw 
colour, particular^ when young, and other branclilets may be clothed 
with light green leaves ; while all of them as they increase in age, 
increase in darkness, when old assuming a dull sombre green ; and 
when aged or before falling off changing to a rusty greenish-brown. 
A bizarre tree, and doubtless the ancient ]S^aturalist's : — variable-lea ved- 
Yew-tree." 

TAXUS Communis HibKRNIGA: The Common Hibernian 
Yew. 

This is the Irish Yew; a most useful well known, highly appreciated 
and distinct little tree ; in habit and deportment it has no resemblance 
to the prototype ; yet it is only a variety of it, inasmuch as it reverts to 
the common Yew when propagated from seed more than to the parent. 
It forms a fine contrast in a mixed group, shrubbery, or plantation ; 
where, from its formal, compact, and erect habit of growth, it adds 
much to the scenic effect of any landscape, however picturesque; 
morever, it is a most useful plant for lawn or garden embellishment as 
an individual specimen tree or shrub. There is of this form of the Yew 
the three following sub- varieties : — Argentea, (the silvery-variegated,) 
having some of its branches clothed with creamy- white and green leaves, 
which when well variegated, and kept so, is very pretty : Aurea, this 
is the golden-variegated, differing from the preceding in nothing but 
the colour of its variegated leaves, which are more creamy or yellow : 
and Aureo-vireiis, (the gold-and-green-sprayed Irish Yew ;) this is, 
indeed, a beautiful, distinct, and variegated variety; rich in its massive 



174 



PINACEiE. 



leaves, whicli, -u'lieii young, are golden-edged and tipped ; having a 
green centre-band, increasing in breadth as it reaches the base ; when 
old and thoroughly matured the leaves change their colour to a sombre 
green ; while in middle age, they are freckled or mottled with bright- 
green and golden shades ; rendering its spray a pretty conglomerate 
mass of yellow and green tints. In a shady situation, and a pure but 
humid atmosphere, it will form a cylindrical, bizarre-like pillar ; and 
add much to the variety of form and colour, and enhance the pleasures 
we derive from a select collection of ornamental trees and shrubs. 

TaxUS CuspiDATA: The Abrupt-Pointed-Leafed Yew. 

This is merely an altered form of the prototype : its name explains 
its difference ; it has been sent us from China, or Japan ; where the 
Orientals cultivated it under the name of Araragi," and, like its con- 
geners is quite hardy enough for the climate of Britain. 

TaXUS LiNDLEYANA : Dr. Lindley's Yew. 

This form of the Yew is from California ; where it attains, as a 
matter of course, larger dimensions than the prototope does in Europe ; 
but when both are grown together in the same soil, situation, and 
altitude, they would be found to be as like as two peas. 

TaXUS MexiGANA: The Mexican Yew. 

Another somewhat altered form of our own familiar Yew : and all 
that I have stated regarding the Calif ornian Yew is equally appHcable 
to the Mexican Yew ; with this difference, that, as a matter of course, 
the Mexican is a more tender and delicate plant. 

TaXUS WallIGHIANA : Dr. Wallich's Yew. 

This is the Indian form of Taxus Vera ; the ^Sung-cha,' or 
Yew-tree, and ' Pung-cha,' or Tea-tree of the Himalayas and Bhootan. 
In the high lying valleys of Xapal, Sikkim, and Thibet, it growls to a 
larger size than the prototype does in Europe : although tolerably 
hardy, it is somewhat delicate in constitution for the climate of Great 
Britain and Ireland. 



And now, having completed my task ; — having, I trust, submitted 
to my patrons, friends, and fellow arboriculturists, and all planters and 
admirers of trees and shrubs, some not unimportant information, — the 
results of years of practical experience, observation, and note-taking, 
in this particular department of Natural History; — I should not be a 
true and right-minded son of philosophy if I did not, in conclusion, 
at the least, just remind myself, if not my reader, that the highest, the 



BACCIFER^.. 175 

most sublime adaptation of all knowledge, and, specially, of all Natural 
Philosophy, is to discern and to remember, in all such beauteous pro- 
ductions as these whereof the foregoing pages have been written ; and 
wherewith this our planet and mundane fabric is so magnificently 
adorned ; the hand of the Great Buidder of the boundless universe ; 
and with filial and loving adoration to look through IS^ature up to 
JSTature's God." 

Let the survey which has been taken lead, if it may presume to do 
so, not only the mind from which it hath emanated, but likewise that 
which hath courteously condescended to grant to it its kind consideration, 
to give utterance to what may well be the sentiment we may hence enter- 
tain, when engaged in the study of the Firs and Pines, by uniting in 
that tribute and ascription wherewith our incomparable poet, whose 
pen did not fear to pourtray even Paradise itself, hath in right welcome 
measures invited us to the footstool of the Celestial ^Sovereignty : — 

" These are Thy glorious works, Parent of good : 
Almighty, Thine this universal frame ; 
Thus wondrous fair : Thyself how wondrous then ! 
Unspeakable ! * * * or dimly seen 
In these Thy lowliest works ! yet, these declare 
Thy goodness beyond thought ; and power divine. 

His praise, ye winds, that from four quarters blow, 

Breathe soft or loud : and WAVE YOUE TOPS, YE PINES, 

And every plant, in sign op worship, wave." 



NORWICH : PRINTED BY FLETCHER AND SON. 



APPENDIX OF TECHNICAL NAMES. 



ABIETINE^ : 


S.D. I. CONIFERiE .... 


PAGE 

. 29 


Abies: The Fir 




29 


»> 


i\jaiiensis, Fisclier, see excelsa oocarpa 


. 48 


'» 


Ajanensis, Lindley, see excelsa oocarpa 


48 


>> 


Alba, ]\Iiller, see Picea pectinata 


. 41 


)> 


Alba, Michaux, White Spruce Fir 


47 


11 


„ argentea, CO., see glauca 


. 47 




argentea, Ranch, see variegata , 


47 




aurea, C. C, see Tariegata 


. 47 




„ ccerulea, C. C, bluish -leaved 


47 


»» 


curvifolia, Booth, see alba 


. 47 


»» 


J, echiniformis, C. C, see minima 


47 


>> 


glauca, Plumbly, glaucous-leaved 


. 47 


>> 


,, minima, Knight, dwarf hedgehog-like 


47 


>» 


nana, Loudon, the dwarf 


. 47 


»» 


prostrata, C. C, see nana 


47 


j> 


„ variegata, C. C, variegated 


. 47 


>> 


Albertiana, Murray, Prince Albert's Fir 


31 




Alcoquiana, Yeitch, Alcock's Spruce 


. 3o 


»> 


Amabilis, Lindley, see Picea amabilis 


36 


)> 


Apollinis, Link, see Picea Apollinis 


. 37 


>» 


Araragi, Loudon,, see Canadensis 


30 


»> 


Araucana, Poiret, see Araucaria imbricata 


. 94 


}» 


Archangelica, Lawson, see excelsa , 


48 




Arctica, Cuuningham, see rubra . . 


. 51 


» 


Argentea, De Chambroid, see Picea pectinata . 


41 


)» 


Aromatica, Rafinesque, see Cupressus Nutkaensis 


. 74 


>> 


Atlantica, Lindley, see Cedrus Atlantica 


52 


» 


Balsamea, Miller, see Picea balsamea 


. 37 




„ Fraseri, Spach, see Picea Fraseri 


37 


>» 


longifolia, Endlicher, see Picea balsamea 


. 37 


»> 


„ microphylla, C. C, see Picea balsamea 


37 


»» 


nana, C. C, see Picea Hudsonica 


. 37 


J> 


„ prostrata, Knight, see Picea Hudsonica , 


37 


»» 


,, variegata, C. see Picea balsamea 


. 37 


)> 


Balsamifera, Michaux, see Picea balsamea 


37 


»» 


Bifida, Siebold, see Picea firma 


. 38 


f » 


Bracteata, Hooker, see Picea bracteata . , 


37 


H 


Brunoniana, Lindley, Indian hemlock spruce 


. 31 



N 



178 



APPENDIX, 



PAGE 



Abies : The Fir. Californica, Bon, see Douglasii ... 32 

Canadensis, Michaux, hemlock spruce . , .30 

„ argentea, Miller, see Canadensis , . 30 

,, aurea, C. C, golden-variegated . . 32 

gracilis, C. C, slender-branched . . 32 

„ „ microphylla, Lindley, small-leaved . ' . 32 

„ „ nana, Knight, dwarf ... 32 

taxifoUa, Gordon, see Mertensiana . ,31 

„ „ variegata, C. C, variegated . . 32 

Candicans, Fischer, see Picea Nordmanniana . . 40 

Carpatica, C. C, see excelsa .... 47 

Cedroides, Griffith, see Brunoniana . . .31 

,, Cedrus, Poiret, see Cedrus Libani ... 56 

„ Cephalonica, Loudon, see Picea Cephalonica . . 37 

„ „ Apollinis, Gordon, see Picea Apollinis . 37 

„ „ variegata, C. C, see Picea Cephalonica . 37 

,, Chilrowensis, C. C, see Picea Webbiana . , 46 

„ Cilicica, Carriere, see Picea Cilicica . . .37 

Clanbrasiliana, Loudon, see excelsa, var. . ' . 48 

aurea, C. C, see excelsa var. . . 48 

,, stricta, Lawson, see excelsa var. . . 48 

Coerulea, Loddige's, see rubra var. . . .51 

Columbaria, Desfontaines, see Araucaria imbricata . 93 

„ Communis, C. C, see excelsa . . . .47 

„ fruticosa, Endlicher, see excelsa stricta . 48 

,, „ pendula, Booth, see excelsa pendula . . 48 

Concolor, Lindley, see Picea religiosa . . 45 

,, Curvifolia, Booth, see alba . . . . 47 

,, Dammara, Poiret, see Dammara Orientalis . . 96 

,, Decidua, Wallich, see Brunoniana . . .31 

,, Densa, Griffith, see Picea Pindrow • . . 43 

„ Denticulata, Poiret, see nigra . . , .50 

,, Deodara, Lindley, see Cedrus deodara ... 53 

,, Douglasii, Lindley, Douglas's Columbian Fir . . 32 

„ ,, brevibracteata, Antoine, short-bracted vnr. . 35 

' ' ,, fastigiata, Knight, fastigate- branched var. 35 

„ Greigiana, C. C, Greig's elegant var. . .35 

Mexicana, Hartweg., see taxifolia var. . 35 

pendula, C. C, pendulous-branched var. . 35 

,, Standishii, Gordon, Standish's var. . 35 

taxifolia, Loudon, yew-leaved var. . , 35 

,, variegata, C. C, variegated-leaved var. . 35 

Drummondii, Hort., see Douglasii taxifolia var. . , 35 

„ Dumcsa, Loudon, see Brunoniana • . . 31 

Elegans, Smith, see excelsa eiegans . . .48 

Excelsa, D'Candolle, the common spruce Fir . . 47 

„ Archangelica, Lawson, Archangel var. . 48 

,1 attenuata, C. C, see tenuifolia var. . . 48 

„ Clanbrasiliana, Loudon, Lord Clanbrasil's dwarf var. 48 

„ „ stricta, '.Laws on, erect-growing var. 48 

II „ variegata, C. C, variegated var. - , 48 



ft 



I 







APPENDIX. 


179 








TAGE 


Abies : The Fir. 


Excelsa, 


Cranstonii, C. C, see monstrosa var. 


48 




)? 


cornia, Keteleer, see stricta var. 


. 48 


j» 


j> 


denudata, C. C, naked-branched var. 


48 


If 


>> 


dumosa, C. C, see elegans var. 


. 48 


ty 


n 


echiniformis, Knight, see alba minima 


47 


j» 


J) 


elegans, Loudon, elegant dwarf var. 


. 48 


5> 


) 1 


eremita. Knight, see monstrosa var. 


48 


»> 


>) 


Finedonensis, Paul, Finedon var. 


. 48 


>> 


JJ 


foliis variegatis, Loudon, see variegata 


48 


5» 


) > 


gigantea, C. C., see exceba nigra var. 


. 48 


) 1 


>) 


Gregoriana, Paul, see pygmsea var. 


4S 


1i 


5 J 


inverta, Smith, see pendula var. 


. 48 


5> 


5? 


monstrosa, Loudon, rustic or monstrous var. 


48 




jJ 


mucronata, Loudon, irregular- branched var. 


. 48 




3) 


nigra, Lawson, dark-leaved var. 


48 


5» 


53 


oocarpa, C. C, egg-shaped-coned var. 


. 48 


5J 


J3 


pendula, Loudon, pendulous-branched var. . 


48 


)J 


3J 


polita, C. C, neat or elegant form 


. 48 


JJ 


JJ 


pygmoea, Loudon, dwarf var. . 


48 


»J 


3J 


pyramidalis, C. C, pyramidal var. 


. 48 


)) 


33 


Sangii, Sang's var. 


48 




3 J 


stricta, Loudon, conical dwarf var. 


. 48 


}> 


3) 


teuuifolia, Loudon, slender-leaved var. 


48 


J> 


33 


tortuosa, C. C, crooked-branched var. 


. 48 


J> 


J3 


variegata, Loudon, variegated-leaved var. 


48 




33 


virgata, Jacques, see denudata var. 


. 48 


JJ 


Englemani, 0. C, Engleman's spruce 


48 


5» 


Falcata, Eafinesque, see Picea grandis 


. 38 


J> 


Finedonensis, C. C, see excelsa Finedoncnsis 


48 


»> 


Firma, Siebold, see Picea iirma 


. 38 


>> 


Fischeri, Ledebour, see Laris Altaica 


84 


)J 


Fortuni, Lindley, see Picea pectinata Fortuni 


. 38 


J> 


Fraseri, Lindley, see Picea balsamea Fraseri 


37 


}> 


3) 


nana, C. C, see Picea balsamea Hudsonica 


. 37 


JJ 


Gigantica, Smith, see excelsa nigra var. 


48 


?» 


Glauca, 


C. C, see alba glauca 


. 47 


»J 


Glauca, Eoezl, see Picea religiosa 


- 45 


JJ 


Glaucascens Eoezl, see Picea religiosa 


. 45 


JJ 


Gmelini, Eupprecht, see Larix Europeae . , 


86 


J> 


Gracilis, 


C. C, see Pattoni 


. 51 


}> 


33 


microphylla, C. C, see excelsa tenuifolia * 


48 


»J 


Grandis, Lindley, see Picea grandis 


. 38 


•> 


Gregoryi, C. C, see excelsa pygmjca 


4S 


JJ 


Gregoryana, Low, see excelsa jjygmaDa 


. 48 


JJ 


Griffithiana, Lindley, see Larix Griffithiana 


91 


JJ 


Hamata, Parsons, see excelsa tortuosa 


. 48 


>J 


Heterophylla, Eafinesque, see Mertensiana 


31 


JJ 


Hirtella, 


Lindley, see Picea religiosa 


. 45 


JJ 


Hirtella, Eoezl, see Picea religiosa 


45 


JJ 


Hispanica, De Chambroid, see Picea Pinsapo 


. 44 


JJ 


Homolepis, Siebold, 5ee Picea Japonica 


38 



180 



APPENDIX. 



Abies : The Fir. 



j> 
if 

•» 

99 
99 
>> 
.9* 
J> 
»J 
)) 
99 
99 
99 
99 
9» 
91 
J> 
99 
99 
99 
99 
99 
19 
99 
91 
99 
99 
99 
99 
19 
19 
91 
19 
19 
19 
99 
99 
9* 
9.9 
99 
99 
99 
99 
99 
99 
99 
99 
1 1 
11 



Eookeriana, C. C, Hooker's hemlock spruce 
Ilookeriana, Murray, see Pattoni 
Hudsonica, Bosc, see Picea balsamea var. 
Inteioiedia, 1. Abietinecc 
Inverta, Smith, see excelsa pendula var, 
Jezoensis, Siebold, see Menziesii Jezo var. 
Keempferi, Lindley, see Larix amabilis 
Kamtschatica, Rupprecht, see Larix Altaica 
Khutrow, Loudon, see Morinda 
Lasiocarpa. Lindley, see Picea lasiocarpa 
Lanceolata, Desfontaines, see Pinguecerse, § 3 
Larix. Lamarck, see Larix Europeae 
Ledebourii, Eupprecht, see Larix Altaica 
Leioclada, StcTins, see Picea Xordmanniana 
Lemoniana, Booth, see excelsa nigra var. 
Leptolepisj Zuccarini, see Larix leptolepis 
Luscombiana, Loudon, see Picea Apollinis 
Lyallii, C. C, see Menziesii 
Major Sinensis, Plunkennet, see Pinguecera?, 
Mariana, Miller, see nigra 
Menziesii. Loudon, Menzies Califomian spruce 
crispa, Antoine, prominent-scaled var. 
,, nana, C. C, dwarf yar. 

variegata, C. C, variegated-leaTed var. 
Mertensiana, Lindley, Californian hemlock spruce 
Metensis, Tilmorin, see Picea pectinata fastigiata 
Microcarpa, Lindley, see Larix microcarpa 
Microphylla, Pvafinesque, see Thuja gigantea 
Microphylla, C. C. see excelsa tenuifolia var. 
Microphylla, Pisher. see Canadensis microphylla 
Microsperma, Lindley, small-seeded spruce 
Miniata, Knight, see excelsa monstrosa var. 
Minima, C. C, see excelsa pygmcea 
Minor, Duhamel, see Picea balsamea 
Minuta, C. C, see excelsa pygmcea 
Momi, Siebold, see Picea pectinata Japonica 
Monstrosa, C. C, see excelsa monstrosa var. 
Morinda, C. C, Indian Spruce Fir 
Mucronata, Eafinesque, see Douglasii 

„ palustris, Eafinesque, see Douglasii 
,, Eauch, see excelsa mucronata 
Kana, Loudon, see excelsa pygmeea 
isigra, Michaux, Black American spruce 
fastigiata, C. C, see pumila var. 
pumila, Knight, dwarf var. 
rubra, Michaux, see mbra 
variegata, C. C, variegated var. 
Xobilis, Lindley, see Picea nobilis 
Kodosa, C. C, see Larix Japonica 
Nordmanniana, Link, see Picea XordmauniuEa 
Obliqua, Bongard, see Douglasii 



APPE^^DIX. - 181 



Abies : The Fir. Obliquata, Eafinesque, see Douglasii ... 32 

Obovata, Loudon, see excelsa oocarpavar. . . 48 
„ Orientalis, Poiret, the Eastern spruce . . 

„ ,, Yariegata, Damiosung, variegated vai'. . . 50 

„ Pattoni, Jeffrey, Patton's Californian spruce . . 51 

„ Pectinata, De Candolle. see Picea pectinata . . 41 

,, Apollinis, Endlicher, see Picea ApoUiuis . 37 

„ „ fastigiata, Carriere, see Picea pectinata . 41 

„ „ leiockda, Endlicher, see Picea leioclada . 41 

,, leioclada, Carriere, see Piceaiyordmanniana . 40 

„ leioclada, Link,^,5ee Picea Xordmanniana . 40 

,, prostrata, C. C, see Picea'pectinata var. . 42 

„ pyramidalis, C. C, se^Picea pectinata var. 42 

„ „ pyramidalis, Carriere. see Picea pectinata var. . 42 

„ ,, varicgata, Tan-Bruier, see Picea variegata . 42 

„ Pendula, Lindley, see Larix pendula var. . . .89 

„ Pendula, Griffith, see Morinda .... 49 

Picea, J 2. Abietinese . . . . .35 

., Lindley, see Picea ^ 2. Abies . . 35 

„ J, Miller, see Abies excelsa . . .47 

„ „ leioclada, Lindley, see Picea Nordmanniaiia 40 

„ Peloponnesiana, Yilmorin, see Picea Apollinis . 37 

„ Pichta, Loudon, see Picea Pichta . . . .42 

„ ,, alba, Carriere, see Picea Cilicica . . 37 

„ 5, Fischerii, Loudon, see Picea Cilicica . . 37 

„ Pindrow, Spach, see Picea Pindrow ... 43 

„ Pinsapo, Boissier, see Picea Pinsapo . . .44 

„ ,, aurea. C. C, see Picea Pinsapo variegata , 45 

„ ,, variegata, Carriere, 5ee Picea Pinsapo var. . 45 

„ Polita, Zuccarini, see excelsa polita ... 48 

., Pumila, Loudon, see excelsa pygmaea . . .48 

„ Pyramidalis, C. C, see excelsa pyramidalis . . 48 

,» ,, Metensis, Carriere, see Picea fastigiata . 42 

„ Pinzi, Yilmorin, see Picea Cilicica ... 37 

„ Eegina) Amalioe, Heldreich, see Picea Apollinis . . 37 

Keligiosa, Lindley, see Picea religiosa ... 45 

Eubra, Poiret, the Eed Spruce Fir . . .51 

I, ,, Arctica, C. C., see rubra ... 51 

„ 5, Califomica, C. C, see rubra . . .51 

,1 ,, ccerulea, Loudon, bluish var. . . 51 

,) ,, ericoides, C. C, heath-like leaved . 51 

)) „ violacea, Loudon, see coerulea . . 51 

,1 „ variegata, C. C, variegated var. . . 51 

„ Eugosa, C. C, see excelsa .... 47 

„ Schi-enkiana, Lindley, see excelsa oocarpa . . 48 

„ Siberica, Fischer, see Larix Altaica ... 8-1 

)» alba, Fischer, see Picea Cilicica . . 37 

„ Stichensis, Lindley, see Menzieaii ... 48 

„ Smithiana, Loudon, see Morinda , . . .49 

,, Spectabilis, Spach, see Picea Webbiana . . 46 

Spinulosa, Griffiths, see Morinda . . . .49 



I 



i 



182 


APPENDIX. 


* 






tAGE 


AiJiEs : The Fir. 


Sumatrana, Desiontaines, see Dammara Orieiitalis 


96 


)5 


Taxifolia, Drummond, see Douglasii taxifolia 


. 35 


J) 


,, Jeffrey, see Mertensiana 


31 


>» 


Thunburgii, Lambert, see Morinda 


. 49 


)) 


Tlapalcatuda, Roezl, see Picea religiosa glauca 


46 


5> 


Torano, Siebold, see Morinda 


• 49 


1) 


Trigona, Eafinesque, see Menziesii 


48 


J> 


Tchugatskoi, Lawson, see Picea Cilicica 


. 37 


)) 


Tsuja, Siebold, see Canadensis Japonica 


31 [ 




„ nana, Siebold, see Canadensis nana 


. 31 


J» 


Yeitchii, Lindley, see Picea pectinata microcarpa 


42 




Viminalis, Alstrsemer, see excelsa pendula 


. 48 


)» 


Vera, § 3. Abietinese .... 


46 


»> 


Vulgaris, Poiret, seegPicea pectinata 


. 41 


}} 


"Webbiana, Lindley, see Picea Webbiana 


46 


>J 


„ affinis, C.C., see Picea Pindrow 


. 43 


J> 


Williamsonii, Newburry, see Pattonii 


51 


>» 


„ Bridges, see Mertensiana 


. 31 i 




"Witmanniana, Fischer, see excelsa oocarpa 


48 


AcTiNOSTROBEiEj Miquel, § 1. Cupressinese 


. 58 


>> 


OCTOVALVUS, Senilis, sub. ^1. § 1. Cupressinese . 


58 


J? 


Sexavalvus, Senilis, sub. ^ 2. ^1. Cupressineae 


. 58 




QuARTOYALTus, Senilis, sub. § d. § I. Cupressinea) 


58 


Actinostrobus Pyramidalis, Miquel, see Actinostrobese, sub. § 2 


. 58 


Agath-is Australis, Salisbury, see Dammara ..... 


95 


if 


Dammara, Pvichard, see Dammara Orientalis 


. 96 


>» 


Loranthifolia, Salisbury, see Dammara Orientalis 


96 


Alania Colensoi, C. 


C, see Dacrydum Colensoi «... 


. 140 


Altingia Cunningh? 


imi, Don, see Araucaria Cunninghamii 


93 


j> 


Excelsa, Loudon, see Araucaria excelsa 


. 93 


Americanus giganteus, C. C, see Gigantabies Wellingtoniana 


79 


Akaxjcakia, Jussieu, § 1. Pinguecerge .... 


. 92 J 


>> 


Bibbiana, C. C , see Brasiliensis 


93 


» 


Boothiana, C. C see Bulei 


. 95 


>> 


Bidwilli, Hooker, Bid will's Araucaria 


92 


>» 


Brasiliensis, Eichard, Brasilian 


. 93 


J) 


,, gracilis, Carriere,*, slender-branched Tar. 


93 




,, Ridolfiana, Savi, Eidolf's Tar. 


. 93 


» 


Chiliensis, Mirbel, see imbricata 


93 


}} 


Columnaris, C. C, see Cookii 


. 93 


}» 


Cookii, B. Brown, Cook's Araucaria 


93 


J» 


Cunninghamii, Alton, Cunningham's Araucaria 


. 93 


>1 


„ glauca, Antoine, glaucous Tar. 


93 


>> 


,, longifolia, Antoine, long-leaTed Tar. 


. 93 


» 


Dombeyi, Bichard, see imbricata 


93 


J) 


Elegans, Knight, see Brasiliensis gracilis 


. 93 


J> 


Excelsa, R. Brown, Lofty Araucaria 


93 


>> 


Glauca, Loddige's, see Cunninghamii glauca 


. 93 


J> 


Gracilis, Yan-Houtte, see Brasiliensis gracilis 


93 


»5 


Grandis, Preisse, see excelsa 


. 93 ' 


»J 


Imbricata, PaTon, the Chilian Araucaria 


94 



i 





APPENDIX. 


183 

PAGE 


Araucaria, Imbricata, tenue, C. C, fine-leaved var. . 


. 95 


»» 


„ yariegata, C. C, yariegated-leaved var. 


95 


»> 


Lanceolata, C. C, see Pinguecerx-, <^ 3 


. 97 


>» 


Lindleyana, Van-Houtte, sec Brasiliensis Eidolfiana 


93 


)» 


Ptidolfi, C. C, see Brasiliensis Eidolfi 


. 93 


>» 


Rulei, Muller, Rule's Araucaria 


95 


ji 


Species, N. S. Wales, Shcpberd, see Actinostrobecc, § i 


. 58 


»» 


Spectabilis, C. C, see excelsa 


93 


n 


Yariegata, C. C, see imbricata varicgata 


. 95 


Arthrotaxis, Don, § 2. Cupressinea) ..... 


58 


»» 


Alpina, Van-Houtte, see imbricata 


. 59 


»» 


Cupressoides, Don, the Cypress-like 


59 


>> 


imbricata, C. C, imbricated var. 


. 59 


>» 


,, laxifolia, C. C, open-leaved var. 


59 


»> 


,, microcarpa, C C, small-coned form 


. 59 




Doniana, Maule, sec cupressoides 


59 


» » 


Doniana, Parker, see imbricata 


. 59 




Imbricata, Hooker, see cupressoides imbricata 


59 


J) 


Selaginoides, Don, Selago-like 


. 59 




Tetragona, Hooker, the tetragonal 


59 


Arccutbos drupacea, Antoine, sec Juniperus driipacea 


. 145 


Eelis jaculifolia, 


Salisbury, see Eaxopitys ..... 


97 




Jaculifera, Salisbury, see Eaxopitys 


. 97 




Lanceolata, Sweet, see Eaxopitys 


97 


13 IOTA, sub. 1. 


6. Cupressinea3 .... 


. 63 


J) 


Corccana, Siebold, Orientalis compacta 


64 


>> 


Excelsa, C. C, sec Orientalis pyramidalis 


. 64 


>» 


Freneloides, C. C, s<?e Orientalis gracilis 


64 


) 1 


Gracifolia, Knight, see Orientalis gracilis 


. 64 




Intermedia, C. C, see Orientalis pendula 


64 


» 


Japonica, Siebold, sec Orientalis compacta 


. 64 


»» 


Monstrosa, C. C, sec Orientalis monstrosa 


64 


M 


Kepalensis, Endlieher, see Orientalis gracilis 


. 64 


>» 


Orientalis, Endlieher, the Eastern Arbor-Yitie 


64 




„ argentea, C. C, silvery-variegated 


. 64 


♦ » 


aurea, C. C, golden-variegated 


64 




„ compacta, C. C, compact-growing 


. 64 


)» 


„ elegantissima, Eoilisson's. see aurca 


64 




„ erecta, CO., see pyramidal var. 


. 64 


»» 


excelsa, C. C, see pyramidalis var. 


64 


»» 


,, glauca, Pince, glaucous var. 


. 64 


>> 


„ gracilis, Carriere, slender-branched 


64 




„ grandis, C. C, see pyramidalis var. 


. 64 


»> 


incurvata. Knight, see compacta 


64 




monstrosa, C. C, rustic var. 


. 64 


I» 


,, minima, C. C, see compacta 


64 


?» 


„ nana, Carriere, see compacta 


. 64 


»> 


,, C. C, very dwarf var. 


64 


>> 


pendula, C. C, pendulons-branched 


. 64 


)» 


,, variegata, C. C, variegated var. 


64 


1» 


„ pyramidalis, C. C, pyramidal form 


. 64 



184 



APPENDIX. 









PAGE 


Biota, sub. § L 


§ 6. Cupressinere 


• • • • 


63 


tf 


Orientalis, Sieboldii, Endlicber, see 


compacta 


64 


j» 


stricta, Loudon, see pyramidalis 


64 


>j 


Tartarica, Endlicber, see 


Thuja Siberica 


68 


>i 


variegata, C. C, see argentea 


64 


?» 


„ „ Endlicher, see aurea 


64 


j» 


,, viridis, C. C, very green var. 


64 




Pendula, Endlicliftr, see Orientalis pendula 


64 


?> 


,, intermedia, C. C, see Orientalis pendula 


64 


»» 


„ recurvata, Lawson, see Orientalis pendula 


64 


If 


„ variegata, C. C, see Orientalis pendula variegata 


64 


j» 


Pyramidalis, Carriere, see Orientalis pyramidalis 


64 




„ C» C, see Thuja Siberica 




68 


j» 


pumila, Carriere, see Orientalis aurea 


64 


M 


Tartarica, of some, see Orientalis pyramidalis 


64 


?> 


Loudon, see Thuja Siberica 


64 


>> 


„ Wareana, C. C, see Thuja Siberica 


64 


>J 


Yariegata, CO., see Orientalis argentea 


64 


»» 


aurea, Carriere, see Orientalis aurea 


64 


}) 


Yiminalis, C. C, see Orientalis gracilis 


64 




Wareana, C. C, see Thuja Siberica 




64 


Callitris arborea, Scbrader, see Actinostrobeoe s, § Z 


6S 


j> 


Arenosa, Sweet, see 


s. 9 • 


68 


»> 


Australis, Brown, see „ 


s, 2 


68 


»> 


Calcarata, Brown, see 


s. ^ 2 


68 


?> 


Capensis, Schrader, see 


s. 5 3 


68 


5» 


Cupressoides, Schrader, se9 


s J 3 


68 


55 


Cupressiformis, Yentanant, see 


s.§2 


68 


55 


Eothergill, Loudon, see „ 


s.§2 


68 


5» 


Fruticosa, Brown, see ,, 


s.§2 


68 


5 » 


Glauca, Brown, see ,, 


s. ^ 2 


68 


»> 


Gunii, Hooker, see „ 


s. { 2 


68 


55 


Hugelii, Knight, see 


s. § 2 


68 


»5 


Macrostachya, C. C, see 


s. ^ 2 


68 


55 


Oblonga, Eichard, see ,, 


s.§2 


68 


)i 


Preissii, Miquel, see 


s.§2 


68 


jj 


Propinqua, Brown, see „ 


s.§2 


68 


55 


Pyramidalis, Sweet, see 


s.§2 


68 


55 


Quadrivalvis, Yentanant, see 


s. 5 3 


68 


55 


Ehomboides, Brown, see ,. 


s, § 3 


68 


55 


Eobusta, BroAvn, see ,, 


s.§2 


68 


55 


Stricta, Schrader, see 


s.§3 


68 


»> 


Tuberculata, Cunningham, see 


s,§2 


68 


55 


Yerucosa, Brown, see „ 


s. §2 


68 


Calophyllus, Senilis, § 1. Podocarpese 




154 


Caryotaxus nucifera, Zuccarini, see Foetataxus 




168 


CEDEUS : THE CEDAH . . . . 




01 


55 


Africana, Gordon, see Atlantica 




52 


55 


Argentea, Loudon, see Atlantica 




52 


55 


Atlantica, C.C., Mount Atlas Cedar 




52 


5) 


Bermudse, Ray, see Juniperus Bermudte 


153 



APPEI^DIX;. 185" 

PAGE 

CEDEUS: THE CEDAR. Dcodara, the Sacred Cedar' ... 53 

„ Dcodara argentea, C. C, silvery-yariegated . . 56 

„ „ aurea, C. C, golden-variegated . . 5G 

„ „ crassifolia, C. C, thick-leayed . . 56 

„ „ elegans, C. C, see viridis ... 56 

„ fastigiata, C. C, fastigiate-braiiclied , 56 

„ „ gigantea, Knight, see robusta . . 56 

„ „ prostrata, C.G., dwarf-spreading" . . 56 

„ „ robusta, C. C, robust-growing . . 56 

„ tenuifolia. Knight, sec viridis . . .56 

„ variegata, C. C, variegated var. . . 56 

„ „. viridis, C. C, very green . . .56 

„ Elegans, Knight, see Atlantica ... 52 

,, Ilispanica, Tournefort, see Juniperus thurifcra . . lo2 

„ Indica, De Ch ambroid, see Deodara . . . 53 

„ Libnni, Barrclier, Mount Lebanon Cedar . . 56 

„ „ argentea, Loudon, silvery-variegated . 57 

„ aurea, C. C, golden-variegated . . .57 

„ „ glauca, C. C, glaucous var. . . 57 

,, „ nana, Loudon, dwarf var. . . .57 

„ pendula, C. C, pendent-branched . . 57 

„ „ variegata, C. C, variegated var. . . 57 

„ Lycca rctusa, Bauliin, see Juniperus Lycca . . 143 

„ Orientalis fcotidissima, Tournefort, see Juniperus cxceisa . 149 

„ rhoenicea, Eenealm, see Libani ... 56 

Cbi-iiALOTAXUs, Siebold, the cluster-flowered Yew .... 166 

„ Adprcssa, Siebold, see Yerataxus adpressa . . 171 

Brcvifolia, C. C, see Yerataxus adpressa . . 171 

„ Coriacea, Knight, see drupacca . . . 166 

„ Drupacea, Siebold, the plum-fruited . . .166 

„ glauca, C. C, glaucous var. . . 166 
„ Eiliformis, Knight, see Foitunii .... 166 
„ Fortunii, Hooker, Fortune's Yew . . .166 

n „ focmina, C. C, female form . . . 167 

„ „ mas.cula, C. C, male form . . , 167 

. „ „ pendula, Carriere, see Fortunii . . 167 

„ Grandis, C. C, see pedunculata . . . 167 

„ Koriana, C. C, see Fodocarpus Corean . . . 157 

„ Pedunculata, feiebold, the long-footstalked . . 167 

„ Tardiva, Siebold, see Yerataxus adpressa . . .171 

„ Umbraculifera, Zuccarini, see pedunculata . . 167 

Chjetocladus, Senilis, 1. Symmorphapitete .... 161 

„ Altissima, C. C, the lofty .... 162 
„ Distachya, C. C, the twin-spiked .... 162 

„ Monostachya, C. C, the spiked . . . 162 

CiiAM^i::cYrAiiis, Spach, the Ground Cypress . . . . .69 

„ Atrovirens, C. C, see SphiTcroides atrovircns . 66 

„ Boursicri, Carriere, see Cupressus Lawsoiiii . . 72 

„ Ericoides, Carriere, see Betinospora ericoides . . 76 

Glauca, C. C, see Actinostrobea), ^2 . . , 5S 

„ Kewensis, C. C, see sphecroides glauca , . 69 

0 



186 



Cham^ecyparis, Nutkaensis, Spach, see Cupressus Nutkaensis . . 74 

„ Obtusa, Endlicher, see Retinospora obtusa , . 76 

Pisifera, Siebold, see Eetinospora pisifera . . 77 

„ Spliairoides, Spach, the spherical ... 69 

„ „ argentea, 0. C, silTery-variegated . . 69 

„ „ atrovirens, C. C,, dark green . . 69 

„ „ aurea, CO., golden-variegated , . 69 

„ „ fastigiata, C. C, fastigiate -branched . G9 

„ „ glauca, Endlicher, glaucous var. . . 69 

„ „ gracilis, C. C, slender-branched . . 69 

„ „ nana, Endlicher, very dwarf yar. . . 69 

„ „ pendula, C. C, pendent-branched . . 69 

„ „ variegata, Endlicher, variegated . . 69 

„ Squarrosa, Endlicher, see Retinospora squarrosa . 77 

„ „ leptoclada, Endlicher, see Ret. squar. leptoclada 77 

„ variegata, Endlicher, see Retinospora squar. vur. 77 

„ „ viridis, C. C, see Retinospora squarrosa var. 77 

„ Thurifera, Endlicher, frankincense-bearing . .69 

Chamaepuce obtusa, Zuccarini, see Retinospora obtusa ... 76 

Colymbea anguistiiblia, Bertolini, see Araucaria Brasilian . . .93 

J, Excelsa, Spengel, see Araucaria excelsa . . 93 

Quadrifaria, Salisbury, see Araucaria imbricata . .93 

Condylocarpus sempervirens, Salisbury, see Gigan. taxifolia . . 78 

CiiYPT03iEniA, Don, the Japan Cedar . . . . .59 

„ Araucaroides, CO., see Japonica araucaroides . 60 

„ Aurea, C. C, see Japonica variegata . . .60 

„ Elegans, C. C, see Japonica elegans ... 60 

„ Japonica, Don, the prototype . . . . 59 

„ „ araucaroides, C. C, Araucaria-like . . CO 

„ „ naca, Fortune, very dwarf . . .60 

„ „ pygmcca, C. C, see nana ... 60 

„ „ variegata, C. C, variegated var. . . 60 

„ „ viridis, C. C, very green var. . , 60 

„ Lobbii, C. C, see Japonica araucaroides . . .60 

„ Monstrosa C. C, see Japonica araucaroides . . CO 

„ Kana, Lindley, see Japonica nana . . .60 

„ Pendula, C. C, see Japonica .... 59 

„ Species, Yeitch, see Retinospora obtusa lycopodioidcs . 76 

„ Yariegata, CO., see Japonica variegata . . CO 

„ Yeitcbii, Yeitch, see Retinospora obtusa lycopodioidcs 76 

„ Tiridis, C. C, see Japonica viridis . , .60 

Cunninghamia cupressoides, Zuccarini, see Arthrotaxis cupressoides . 59 

„ Lanceolata, Yan-Houtte, see Raxopitj s . . .97 

J, Selaginoides, Zuccarini, see Arthrotaxis selaginoidcs • 59 

„ Sinensis, Brown, see Raxopitys Cunninghamii . . 97 

„ „ glauca, C. C, see Raxopitys ... 97 

CuPRESSTELLATA, Senilis, the star-coned Cypress . , . .60 

„ Patagonica, C. C, Patagonian .... 60 

CuPRESPiNNATA, Senilis, the feathery-sprayed Cypress . . .61 

„ Disticha, C. C, the deciduous .... 62 

,j „ denudata, C. C, sparse- sprayed . 62 



APPENDIX. 



187 



PAGE 

CupRESPixxATA, disticha, fastigiata, C. C, fastigiate-branched . 62 

„ „ Mexicana, C. C, Mexican . . .62 

„ „ microphylla, C. C, small-coned . . 62 

„ „ nana, C. C, dwarf var. . . . .62 

„ ,j pendula, C. C, pendent-branched . . 62 

„ „ Sinensis, C. C, Chinese . « .62 

„ „ variegata, C. C, variegated . . 62 

„ Heterophylla, C. C, yarious-leaved . . .62 

CUPRESSIX.E, S.D. III. CONIFERJ]: .... 57 

CuTRESSUS, Africana, Miller, see Actinostrobeoe, { 3 . . . .58 

„ Americana, Catesby, see Cuprespinnata disticha . 61 

„ Americana, Trautveter, see Nutkaensis . . .74 

„ Arbor-Yitt-e, Targ-Tozz, see Thuja Occidcntalis . 6S 

„ Arctica, Yilmorin, see Thuja Antarctica . , .67 

„ Aromatica, Yan-Houtte, see Lusitanica . . 73 

„ Articulata, C. C, see Actinostrobus, ^2 . .58 

„ Attenuata, Gordon, see Californica gracilis . . 70 

„ Australis, Low, see Whittleyana . . . .75 

„ Australis, Desfontaines, see Actinostrobus, ^2 . 58 

,, Bacciformis, Knight, see Jimiperus Occidcntalis . . 142 

„ Bambusacea, Otolanzau, see Podocarpus Japonica . 155 

Benthamiana, Endlicher, Bentham's Cypress . . 75 

Brcgeoni, C. C, see Californica gracilis . . 70 

Californica, Carriere, see Californica gracilis . . 70 

„ Californica gracilis, C. C, slender-branched . . 70 

„ fastigiata, C. C, fastigiate-branched var. . 70 

„ „ nana, C. C, dwarf var. ... 71 

„ „ pendula, C. C, pendulous-branched var. . 71 

„ ,, yariegata, C. C, variegated Tar, . . 71 

„ Cashmeriana, Boyle, see Torulosa . , . .75 

„ Cernua, C. C, see Coraeyana .... 71 

Cheusanensis, Plunkenett, see Cryptomeria Japonica . 59 

„ Chiliensis, Gillies, see Libocedrus Chiliensis . 65 

„ Columnaris, Forster, see Araucaria Cookii . . 93 

„ Corneyana, Knight, Corney's Cypress . . 71 

„ Coulterii, C. C, see Knightiana . . . .72 

„ Dcvoniana, C. C, see Juniperus Phoenicea foemina , 143 

„ Disticha, Linnaeus, see Cuprespinnata disticha . . 61 

„ ,, nucifera, Binz, see Cuprespinnata heterophylla 62 

„ nutans, Alton, see Cuprespinnata disticha . 6l 

„ patens, Aiton, see Cuprespinnata disticha . 61 

„ ,, sempervirens, Binz, see Cuprespinnata disticha var. 62 

„ Doniana, C. C, see \Yhitteyana . . . .75 

,, Elegans, Low, see Knightiana ... 72 

„ Elegans, C. C, see Nttkaensis fragrans . . .74 

„ Ericoides, C. C, see Pi-etinospora ericDides . . 76 

Excelsa, Scott, .^ee lofty Cypress . . . .71 

„ Expansa, Audibert, see sempcrvirens hoiizontalis . 74 

„ Fastigiata, De Candolle, see sempcrvirens . . .74 

„ „ horizontalis, De Candolle, see sempcrvirens 75 

„ „ thua^folia, C. C,, see sempervirens var. 74 



188 



APPEXDIX, 



CupRESSUs, fastigiata, variegata, Hort, see sempervirens Tariegata 
Filiformis, C. C, see Biota pendula 
„ Fcemina, Caesalpin, see sempervirens 

„ Fothergill, C. C. see Actinostrobus, § 2 

,^ Fragrans, C. C, see Xutkaensis fragrans 

„ Fragrans, C. C, see Lawsoniana 

Funebris, Endliclier, funeral Cypress 
„ Glauca, Lamarck, see Lusitanica 

,5 5, tristis, Carriere, see Lusitanica 

53 ., pendula, C. C, see Lusitanica 

„ Glandulosa, Hooker, see Californica gracilis 

„ Goensis, C. C, see Lusitanica 

Goveniana, Gordon, see Californica 
Gracilis, C. see Corneyana 
Horizontalis, Du Hamel, see sempervirens 
Imbricata, Xuttall, see Cuprespinnata disticlia 
„ Japonica, Tliunberg, see Cryptomeria Japonica 

„ Juniperoides, Linnceus, see Actinostrobece, § 3 

„ Kewensis, C.C., see Lusitanica 

„ Knightiana, Perry, Knight's Cypress 

„ Lambertiana, Gordon, see macrocarpa 

„ „ fastigiata, Carriere, see macrocarpa 

„ ,, Tariegata, C. C, see macrocarpa 

„ Lawsoniana, Murray, Lawson's Cypress 

„ argentea, Lawson, silvery-variegated 
,, „ aui-ea, Waterer, golden-variegated 

„ „ compacta, C. C, compact-grovring 

„ „ fastigiata, C. C, fastigiate-branched 

„ „ glauca, C. C, glaucous var. 

„ ,, gracilis, C.C., slender-branched 

„ „ nana, C. C, dwarf var. 

„ 5, Tariegata, C. C, variegated var. 

„ „ viridis, C. C, very green var. 

„ Libani glauca, Knight, see Lusitanica 

„ Lindleyi, Klotsch, see Knightiana 

„ Lusitanica, Miller, the Cedar of Goa 

„ „ Californica, C. C, see Lusitanica 

„ „ elegans, Pdnz, see Lusitanica 

„ „ patula, Tournefort, see Lusitanica 

„ ,, pendula, C. C, see Lusitanica 

„ ,, tristis, Carriere, see Lusitanica 

„ „ variegata, Lavrson, variegated var. 

„ „ viridis, C. C, very green var. 

„ J^lacnabiana, Murray, see Californica 

Macrocarpa, Hartweg, large- coned Cypress 
„ „ fastigiata, Knight, fastigiata -bran thed 

,, ,, variegata. C. C, variegated var. 

,, Macrostachya, C. C, see Actinostrobus, 2 



Majestica, Knight, ses torulosa majestica 
;^^as, Ccesalpin, see sempervirens var. 
^^anaJ Hort, see Chama^cyparis dwarf var. 



APPEXDIX. 189 

PAG2 

CupREssus, Nana Mariana, Plunkenett, see Chamtecyparis . . . 6i 

„ xsepalensis, London, see torulosa ... 75 

„ Kivea, Ilort, see Californica gracilis . . .70 

„ Nucifera, C. C , Cnprespinnata heterophylla . . 62 

Kutkaensis, Lambert, Nootka-Sound Cypress . . 74: 

„ „ fragrans, C. C, fragrant yar. . . 74 

,, Orientalis, C. C, see semperrirens . . .74 

„ Patula, Persoon, see Biota pendula ... 64 

„ Pendula, Griffith, see torulosa . . . .75 

„ „ L'Heritier, see Lusitanica ... 73 

„ „ Staunton, see Corneyana . . .71 

„ „ Thunberg, see Biota pendula . . 64 

„ Pendulata, C. C, see Biota pendula . . .64 

,, Pyramidalis, Tozzett, see sempervirens . . 74 

•„ Beligiosa, C. C, see torulosa . . . .75 

„ „ nana, C. C, see torulosa nana . . 75 

Pieinwardtii, C. C, see macrocarpa . . .73 

„ Boyclei, Carriere, see "Whitley's sempervirens . 75 

Sabinoides, Humbolt, see Juniperus sabinoides . .147 

Schomburgkii, Yan-Houtte, see Uhdeana . . 75 

Sempervirens, Linnaeus, the common upright Cypress . 74 

argentea, C. C, silvery- variegated . 75 

aurea, C. C, golden-variegated . . * 75 

„ horizontalis, Aliller, horizontal-branched . 74 

Indica, C. C, Indian form . . .75 

„ ,, monstrosa, C. C, rustic-branched var. . 75 

„ „ nana, C. C, dwarf var. . . .75 

thujicfolia, Carriere, see monstrosa var. . 75 

,, variegata, Knight, see aurea var. . . 75 

„ Sinensis, C. C, see Cnprespinnata heterophylla . 62 

„ Lee, see Lusitanica . . . .73 

„ „ glauca, Yan-Houtte, see Lusitanica . 73 

„ „ pendula, C. C, see Lusitanica . . .73 

,, Skinnerii, C. C, see excelsa .... 71 

„ Sphjeroidea, C. C, see Chamcecyparis . . .69 

„ Ivewensis, Knight, see Chamcecyparis . 69 

„ „ pendula, C. C, see Cham;3ecypari3 . . 69 

„ Stricta, Miller, see sempervirens ... 74 

„ Tetragona, C. C, see Uhdeana . . . .75 

„ Tchugatskoya, C. C, see Tsutkffensis ... 74 

„ Thuja, Tang-Tozz, see Biota Orientalis . . .64 

„ ThuKfolia, Knight, see sempervirens var, . . 74 

„ Thujoeformis, Parker, see sempervirens monstrosa . . 74 

„ ThujGGoides, Low, see sempervirens monstrosa . . 74 

„ Thurifera, Humbolt, see Chama}cyparis . . .69 

„ „ Bentham, the incense Cypress . . 75 

„ „ clegans, C. Q.^see Knight's Cypress . . 72 

„ Knightiana, Gordon, see Knightiana . 72 

„ „ variegata, C. C, 5ee ChamiGcyparis . . 69 

„ Tbyoidcs, Pa von, see Libocedrus Chiliensis . . 65 

„ „ Linnaeus^ see Chamcecyparis . . .69 



190 



APPENDIX. 



PAGE 



CupRESsrs, thyoides, atrovirens, Lawson, see Chamsecyparis . . 69 

„ Kewensis, CO., see Chamtecyparis . . 69 

„ „ nana, Loudon, see Chamsecyparis . . 69 

„ „ yariegata, Loudon, see Cham[ecypans . . 69 

„ Torulosa, Don, the Indian Cypress ... 7-5 

„ elegans, C. C, 5ee nana var. . . .75 

„ „ majestica, C. C, see robusta Tar. . . 7o 

„ „ nana, C. C, dwarf var. . . . .75 

„ 5, robusta, C. C, robust-growing yar. . . 75 

„ „ religiosa, Knight, see nana yar. . . .75 

„ ,, variegata, C. C, variegated var. . . 75 

5, „ Yiridis, C. C, very green yar. . . .75 

„ Tournfortii, Audibert, see sempervirens . . 74 

„ Triquetra, Loddige's, see Actinostrobus, § 2 , .58 

„ Uhdeana, Gordon, Hhde's Cypress ... 75 

5, Yariegata, C. C, see Chamoecyparis . . .69 

„ Yirginiana, Plunkenett, see Cuprespinnata disticha . 61 

„ „ Tradescantia, Eay, see Cuprespinnata disticha . 61 

„ Whittleyana, C. C, see semperyirens Indica . . 75 

DACRYDIUM, Solander, the gum-exuding Pine . . . .140 

„ Colensoi, Hooker, Colenso's gum Pine . . 140 

„ Cupressiforme, Carriere, see cupressinum . . . 140 

„ ' Cupressinum, Solander, cypress-like . . . 140 

„ Distichum, Don, see Podocarpus rigida . , , 159 

„ Elatum, W^allich, the lofty gum Pine . . 140 

„ Excelsum, Don, see Podocarpus dacryoides . .358 

„ Eerrugineura, Yan-Houtte, see Podocarpus dacryoides 158 

Franklinii, Hooker, Franklin's . . . .140 

„ Huonensis, Cunningham, see Pranklinii . . 140 

„ Laxifolium, Hooker, lax-leayed .... 140 

Mai, Cunningham, see Podocarpus spicata . . 158 

„ Mayi, Yan-Houtte, see Podocarpus spicata . . 158 

„ Plumosum, Don, see Libocedrus Doniana . . 65 

„ Spicatum, C. C , see Podocarpus Totara . . . 160 

„ Taxifolium., Banks, see Podocarpus spicata . . 158 

„ Thuoides, Solander, see Podocarpus dacryoides . . 158 

Dam^iara, Rumphius, J 2. Pinguecerce ..... 95 

„ Alba, !Makoy, see Orientalis alba . . . .97 

J, Amboyana, Rumphius, see Orientalis ... 95 

„ Australis, Lafcbert, Australian " Kouri" Pine . . 96 

,, glauca, Low, glaucous yar. ... 96 

„ Bid Willi, Moore, see obtusa . . . .96 

„ Browni, C. C, see obtusa .... 96 

„ Loranthifolia, Spach, see Orientalis . . .96 

„ Longifolia, Lindley, see Orientalis ... 96 

„ Macrophylla, Lindley, see Orientalis . . .96 

„ Malayaica, Lambert, see Orientalis ... 96 

„ Moorei, Lindley, see Orientalis . . . .96 

„ Obtusa, Lindley, obtuse-leaved var. ... 96 

„ Orientalis, Lambert, the Eastern . . .96 

„ • „ alba, Knight, white var. . . 97 



APPENDi:^:. 191 

PAGE 

Dammara, Orientalis, pallens, Carriere, see alba yar. . . .97 

„ Ovata, Shepherd, ovate-leaved var. ... 97 

„ Pinnata, Parmentier, see Podocarpecc Calophyllus . . 155 

„ Robusta, Moore, see obtusa . , • • 96 

„ Yitiensis, Seemaun, the Viti or Feejee var. . . 97 

Dombeya araucana, Eoeuschel, see Araucaria imbricata . . . 93 

„ Chiliensis, Lamarck, see Araucaria imbricata . . 93 

„ Excelsa, Lambert, see Araucaria excelsa . . 93 

Ephedra altissima, Desfontaines, see ChasLocladus .... 162 

„ Distachya, Brongniart, see Chaitocladus . . 162 

„ Fragilis, Desfontaines, see ChoBtocladus . . .162 

„ Monostachya, Lieberestein, see Choetocladus . . 162 

,, Yulgari3, Tournefort, see Chsetocladus . . ,162 

Eutacta Cunniughamii, see Araucaria Cunninghamii ... 93 

„ Excelsa, Link, see Araucaria excelsa . . .93 

Eutassa Cunninghamii, Spach, see Araucaria, J 1 . . . . 93 

„ Ileterophylla, Salisbury, see Araucaria excelsa . . 93 

Fitz-roya Patagonica, Hooker, see Cupresstellata .... 60 

FcETATAXUS, Scuilis, ^ 2. Taxinea3 . . . . . . 167 

,, Montana, mountain strong-odoured yew . . 167 

„ Myristica, nutmeg strong-odoured yew . . . 168 

„ Nucifera. nut-like strong-odoured yew . . 168 

Frcnela arenosa, C. C, see Actinostrobcje arenosa . . . ,58 

„ Australis, Mirbel, see ActinostrobejB, § 2 . . 58 

„ Calcarata, Cunningham, see Actinostrobe^e, ^ 2 . .58 

„ Ericoides, Endlicher, see Actinostrobese, ^ 2 . . 58 

5, Fontanesii, Mirbel, see Actinostrobeae, {3 . .58 

„ Fothergillii, Loudon, see Actinostrobeas, § 2 . . 58 

„ Fruticosa, Endlicher, see Actinostrobege sexavalvus . 58 

„ Glauca, Endlicher, see Actinostrobese, § 2 . . 58 

„ Gunii, Endlicher, see Actinostrobe83, J 2 . . ,58 

„ Ilugelii, Carriere, see Actinostr obese sexavalvus . 58 

Macrostacya, Knight, see Actinostrobeas, ^2 . .58 

„ Propinqua, Cunningham, see Actinostrobese, J 2 . 58 

„ Pyramidalis, Carriere, see Actinostrobeas, ^^2 . ,58 

„ Ehomboidea, Endlicher, see Actinostrobea, ^^2 . 58 

„ Eigida, Endlicher, see Actinostrobese, § 2 . . ,58 

„ Eobusta, Cunningham, see Actinostrobeae, § 2 , . 58 

„ Eoei, Endlicher, see Actinostrobese, ^ 2 . , ,58 

„ Triquatra, Spach, see Actinostrobea), ^2 . . 58 

,, Variabilis, Carriere, see Actinostrobese octovalvus . . 58 

„ Variegata, Chamisso, see Actinostrobea3, § 2 . . 58 

„ Yentenanti, Mirbel, see Actinostrobese, ^ 2 . .58 

„ Yerrucosa, Cunningham, see Actinostrobes3, ^2 . 58 

GIGANTABIES, Senilis, the Giant or Mammoth Fir . . . .77 

„ Taxifolia, Senilis, the yew-leaved Giant Fir . , 78 

„ „ compacta, C. C, compact- branched var. , 79 

„ Lawsoniana, C. C, Lawson's var. . . 79 

„ „ variegata, C. C, variegated var. . . 79 

„ Wellingtoniaua, Senilis, Wellington's Giant Fir . 79 

„ „ argentca, C. C, silvery-variegated var. . 84 



192 



APPENDIX. 



PAGE 



GIGAISTABIES, Welliugtoniana. aiirea C, golden-variegated var. , 84: 

„ „ compacta, C. C, compact-braTiched var. . 84 

,, „ glauca, C. C, glaucous- sprayed var. . 84 

Ginko biloba, Linnseus, see Pteropliyllus Salisburiensis . . . 163 

Glyptostrobus beterophyllus, Endlicber, see Cuprespinnata beteropbylla . G2 

„ Horsfieldii, Knight, see Podocarpus cupressina . . 158 

„ Pendulus, Endlicber, see Cuprespinnata disticba . 61 

JUNIPEllINE^, the Juniper tribe 140 

JuNiPERUs, the Juniper ....... 140 

„ Alba, Knigbt, see occidentalis .... 142 

„ Alpina, Loddiges, see prostrata .... 149 

„ Alpina, Chussius, see communis nana var. . .145 

„ „ minor. Booth, see communis nana var. . 145 

„ „ suecica, Plunkenett, see communis nana var. . 145 

„ ,, variegata, see communis variegata . . 145 

„ Aquatica, Roxburgh, see Cuprespinnata heterophylla . 62 

„ Arborescens, Moench, see Yirginiana . . . 153 

Arborea, C. C, see Yirginiana . . .. . 153 

„ Argentea, C. C, see Yirginiana glauca , . 154 

Aromatica, C. C, see Cupressus Lusitanica . ^ . 73 

„ Bacciformis, Wilidenou, see sabina nana . . 151 

„ Barbadensis, Michaux, see Yirginiana . . .153 

„ Earbadensis, Linnseus, see Yirginiana . . . 153 

„ Bedfordiana, Knight, see Yirginiana . . . 153 

„ Eermudiana, Linnaeus, see Bermuda Cedar . . 153 
„ • Biassolettii, Link, see macrocarpa .... 146 

Californica, Carriere, see Occidentalis . . 142 

„ • Canadensis, Loddiges, Canadian Juniper . . . 144 

5, Canariensis, Knight, see oxycedrus . . . 146 
„ Canescens, C. C, see recurva . . • • . 150 

„ Gapensis, Lamarck, see Actinostrobeas, § 3 . . 5S 

„ Caroliniana, Loddiges, see Yirginiana . . . 153 

„ - Caroliniana, Duroi, see Yirginiana . . . 153 

' Caucasica, Fischer, see communis oblonga . . . 146 

„ C^sia, Carriere, see Occidentalis . . • 142 
' 5, Cedro, Boussonet, see oxycedrus .... 146 

„ ^ Cedro, Webb, see oxycedrus . . , .146 
' „ Cedrus, Carriere, see oxycedrus .... 146 

• Cernua, Eoxburgh, see Chinensis focmina . . 142 

,, Chinensis, Linn^us, the Chinese Juniper . . .142 

„ ' 5, Corneyana, Gordon, see Cupressus Corncyana 71 

5, „ fccmina, Linnceus, female form . . .142 

5, glauca, C. C, glaucous var. . 143 

mas, Linngeus, male form . . . 142 

,, Smithii, Loudon, Smith's Chinese Juniper . 143 

Communis, Linngeus, the common Juniper . .144 

„ 5, alpina, Wahlenberg, see nana var. . .. l io 

• ,, ,, Caucasica, Endlicber, see oblonga var. . . 147 

,, compressa, Carriere, see liibernica var. . 145 

,, depressa, Pursh, sec Canadensis nana . .144 

5, echinoformis^ C. C, hedgebog-like form ' . 145 



APPENDIX. 



193 



PAGE 



JuNiPERUS, Communis, fastigiata, Loudon, see Hispanica . . . 145 

„ Hibernica, Loddige's, the Irish Juniper . 145 
„ ,, „ compressa, C. C , compressed-bran. var. 145 

„ „ nana, C. C, dwarf var. . . 145 

„ variegata, C. C, variegated var. . 145 
„ Hispanica, Lawson, see Hibernica compressa . 145 

„ Indica, Madden, see densa . • . 148 

„ „ alpina, Winterbottom, see densa . 148 

,, „ nana, Madden, see densa . . 148 

,, macrocarpa, Spach, see macrocarpa . • 146 

^, montana, Aiton, see nana var. . . 145 

„ „ nana, Loudon, dwarf common Juniper . . 145 

,, „ ,, variegata, C. C. , variegated var. . 145 

„ ,, oblonga. Loudon, Caucasian form . . 146 

,, pendula, C. C, pendulous-branched 146 

„ pendula, Paul, see oblonga pendula . . 146 

„ ,, stricta, Carriere, see Hibernica . . 145 

„ ,, Suecica, Loudon, the Swedish form . . 145 

„ „ variegata, C. C. variegated var. . . 145 

„ ,, vulgaris, Loudon, see communis . .144 

„ „ Wittmanniana, Carriere, see rufescens . 145 

Compressa, Rinz, see Hibernica compressa . . 145 

Corneyana, C. C, see Cupressus Corneyana . . 71 
Cracovia, Loddige's, see communis .... 144 

„ Cunninghamii, C. C , see Actinostrobeae, § 2 . . 58 

„ Cupressifolia, C. C , see sabina . . . .151 

„ CuPRESSoiDEs, § 1. Juniperinese . . . 142 

„ Davurica, Fischer, see communis nana . . . 145 

„ Davurica, Pallas, see Phoenicia Lycia . . . 143 

„ Dealbata, Douglas, see communis nana . . . 145 

„ Dealbata, Loudon, see Occidentalis . . . 142 

5, Densa, Gordon, bushy Indian Juniper . . . 148 

Deppeana, Stendel, see Mexicana . . . 149 
„ Depressa, Booth, see Canadensis .... 144 

„ Dionorpha, Roxburgh, see Chinensis mas. . . 142 

,, Dioeca, Makoy, see Chinensis mas. . . . 142 

„ Drupacea, Labillardier, the plum -fruited . . 145 
„ Dumosa, Wallich, see squamata .... 152 

,, Dumosa, C. C, see Yirginiana dumosa . . 154 

„ Echinoformis, Rinz, see communis echinoformis . . 145 

Elata, Roxburgh, see Dacrydium elatum . . 140 

„ Ericoides, Noisette, see Actinostrobe^e, } 2 , .58 

Elliptica, Yan-Houtte, see macrocarpa . . 146 

„ Excelsa, Bieberstein, the lofty Grecian Juniper . . 149 

„ ), foemina, C. C, female form . . . 149 

,y „ glauca, C. C, see excelsa . . . 149 

,, mascula, C. C, male form . . . 149 

„ variegata, C. C, variegated var. . . 149 

„ „ vera, C. C, see excelsa . . . 149 
„ „ Madden, see religiosa .... 150 

,, ,, Lewis, see Occidentalis, Hooker's . . 14:i 

P 



194 



APPENDIX. 



PAGE 

JuNiPERUS, Fastigiata, Knight, see communis Sueeica . . . 145 

Fiaccida, Schlecht, see Mexicana flaccida . . 149 

„ Flagelliformis, Beeves, see Chinensis foemina . .142 

„ Fostida davurica, Spach, see Lycea . . . 143 

„ „ excelsa, Spach, see escelsa (Grecian) . . 149 

„ „ flavida, Spach, see Mexicana flaccida . 149 

„ multicaulas, Spach, see sabina . , . 151 

,, Sabina, Spach, see sabina . . , 151 

„ Squarrulosa, Spach, see excelsa (Grecian) . 149 

„ Tamariscifolia, Spach, see sabina var. , 151 

„ „ Taurica, Pallas, see excelsa (Grecian) . . 149 

„ „ Thurifera, Spach, see Mexicana . . 149 

„ Fcetidissima, Wildenow, see excelsa (Grecian) . . 149 

Fcetidissima, C. C, see Occidentalis . . . 142 

„ Fortunii, Yan-Houtte, see Chinensis Smithii . . 143 

„ Fragrans, Knight, see Occidentalis (Hooker's) . 142 

,, Fragrans, Paul, see Occidentalis (Hooker's) . , 142 

Gigantea, Eoezl, see Mexicana . , . . 149 

Glauca, Willdenow, see Cupressus Lnsitanicus . , 73 

„ Glauca, Fortune, see Chinensis glauca . . . 143 

„ Gossainthanea, Loddige's, see Yirginiana var. . . 153 

„ Gracilis, Endlicher, see Mexicana flaccida . . 149 

J, Gracilis, C. C, see Cupressus Corneyana . . 71 

„ Hemisph^rica, Presl, see echinoformis . . 145 

„ Henriana, Brown, see Occidentalis . . .142 

,, Hermanni, Persoon, see Occidentalis . . . 142 

,, Hibernica, L,>ddige's, see communis Hibernica . . 145 
„ ,, compressa, C. C, see com. Hibernica compressa ' 145 

„ ,, nana, C. C, see communis Hibernica nana . 145 

„ variegata, C. C, see com. Hibernica variegata 145 

„ Hispanica, Paul, see communis Hibernica compressa . 145 

„ Hispanica, Miller, see thurifera . . . 152 

Horizontalis, Moench, see sabina .... 151 

„ Hudsonica, Loddiges, see prostrata . . . 149 

Incurva, Hamilton, see recurva .... 150 

„ Interrupta, Wendland, see oblonga . . . 147 
„ Japonica, Carriere, see rigida .... 146 

Lambertiana, Wallich, see squamata . . . 152 

„ Langoldiana, Low, see Pho^icia female form . . 143 

„ Lasdeliana, Lawson, see excelsa (Grecian) . . 149 

,, Latifolia arborea, Tournefort, see drupacea . . . 145 

„ Lobelii, Gussone, see macrocarpa . . . 146 

„ Lusitanica, Miller, see sabina . , . . 151 

„ Lycea, Linnssus, the Lycean Juniper . . . 143 

„ Mac Nabbiana, Lawson, see Cupressus Mac Nabbiana . 71 

Macrocarpa, Sibthrop, the large-fruited Juniper . 146 

,, Major, Bellonius, see drupacea . . . .145 

,, ,, Americana, Parkinson, see Yirginiana . 153 

,, ,, baccacoerulea, Tournefort, see macrocarpa . 146 

,, Maximus, Lobel. see macrocarpa . . . 146 

„ Mexicana, Schlecht, the Mexican Juniper . 149 



APPENDIX. 195 

PAGE 

JuNiPERUS, Mexicana flaccida, C. C, the loose-branched form . , H9 

„ Minor, Fuchs, see commuiiis nana . . .145 

„ montana, Bauhin, see communis nana . 145 

„ Monspeliensus, Lobel, see Oxycedrus . . . 143 

„ Nana, VVilldenow, see communis nau a . . 145 

„ Alpina, Endlicher, see communis nana . . H5 

,, montana, Endlicher, see Canadensis . 144 

„ Neaboriensis, Lawson, see macrocarpa . . . 146 

„ Nepalensis, Rinz, see recurva . . . 150 
,, Oblonga, Bieberstein, see rigida .... 146 

„ pendula, Loudon, see rigida var. . . 146 

„ Oblongata, Gussone, see communis m.na . . . 145 

Occidentalis, Hooker, the Western Juniper . . 142 

,, Occidentalis, C. C, see Occidentalis var. . . . 142 

„ Oophora, Kunze, see thurifera . . . 152 
„ Oxycedrus, § 2. Juniperiness .... 142 

,, Linnaeus, the prickly cedar-like . . 146 

„ ,, brevifolia, Hochst, short-leaved var. . • 146 

„ ,, echinoformis, Yan-Houtte, see communis . 145 

„ ,, Phoeniceum, DodoD, see Phoenicea var. . . 143 

,, Taurica, C. C, see rufescens , . 145 

„ ,, Wittmanniana, Hort, see rufescens . . 145 

Pendula vera, CO., see rigida . . • 146 

„ Phillippsiana, Wallich, see Dacrydium elatum . . 140 

„ Phoenicea, Linn^us, Phocnicean Juniper . . 143 

,, foemina, C. C, female form . . . 143 

„ ,, filicaulis, C. C, see Lycean form . . 143 

,, Lycia, Loudon, the Lycean form , . 143 

,, malacocarpa, Endlicher, see Lycean var. . 143 

,, Procera, Hochst, see excelsa . . . • 149 

Procumbens, Siebold, see rigida var. . . 146 

„ Prostrata, Persoon, creeping American form . . 149 

Pseudo-sabina ? Fischer, see Lycean form . . 143 

, Pyriformis, Lindley, see Occidentalis (Hooker) . . 142 

Racemosa, Riss, see recurva . . . .150 

„ Recurva, Don, weeping-branched Indian form . . 150 

„ ,, densa, C. C, see Juniperus densa . . 148 

„ ,, densa, C. C, see recurva mascula var. . . 150 

„ ,, foemina, CO., female form . . . 150 

,, mascula-, C. C, male form . . . 150 

,, Nana, C. C, dwarf form . . . 350 

„ Reflexa, C. C, see oblonga . . . .147 

„ Reevesiana, C. C, see Chinensis foemina . . 14"i 

„ Religiosa, Royle, the Sacred Indian Juniper . . loO 

„ Repanda, C. 0-, see recurva .... 150 

„ Repens, Nuttall, see prostrata . . . .149 

„ Rigida, Siebold, stiff-leaved Japan form . . 146 

,, Sieber, see Dacrj-dium elatum . . . 140 

„ ,5 Wallich, see squamata . . . 152 

„ ,, Noisette, see Actinostrobefe, ^^2 . .58 

„ „ Pavon, see Podocarpus rigida . . 159 



196 



APPENDIX. 



PAGE 

JuNiPERUS, Rufescens, Link, shining-beiTied form .... 145 

Eufescens brevifolia, Endlicher, see Oxycednis brevifolia 146 
„ Sabinoides, § 3. JuniperineaB .... 147 

„ Sabina, the Savin Juniper .... 151 

„ Alpina, Linnasus, see sabina . . .151 

„ ,, cupressifolia, Aiton, see sabina . . 151 

„ elegans, Booth, see tamariscifolia . . 151 

„ humilis, Hooker, see prostrata var. . 151 

„ horizontalis, C. C, see sabina . . . 151 

„ „ nana, C. C, dwarf var. . . .151 

„ prostrata, Loudon, creeping var. . .151 

„ stricta, C. C, see sabina . . .151 

„ tamariscifolia, C. C, tamarisk-like . . 151 

„ taurica, Pallas, see excelsa (Bieberstein) . 149 

„ ,, variegata, Loudon, variegated var. . . 152 

„ ,, vulgaris, Endlicher, see sabina . . 151 

Sexatilis, Pallas, see communis nana . - . 145 

„ SchoUii, Hort, see Yirginiana dumosa . . 154 

„ Schottii, Van-Houtte, see Yirginiana dumosa . . 154 

„ Siberica, Burgsdoff, see communis nana . . 145 

„ Smithiana, C. C, see Chinensis Smithii . . .143 

„ Sphgerica, Lindley, the globular Juniper . , 143 

„ glauca, C. C, glaucous var. . . . 143 

„ nova, Fortune, see spharica glauca . 143 
„ Squamata, Don, the scaly Juniper .... 152 

Squamosa, Hamilton, see squamata . . . 152 

„ Stricta, Hort, see Hibernica . . . .145 

„ Struthiacea, Knight, see Chinensis foemina . . 142 

„ „ foemina, C. C, see Chinensis foemina . .142 

„ Suecica, Miller, see Hibernica var. . . . 145 

„ Suecica pyramidalis, Manetti, see Hibernica . . 145 

„ Taurica, Strangways, see rufescens . . . 145 
„ Taxifolia, Hooker, see rigida .... 146 

„ Tetragona, Schlecht, tetragonal, Juniper . . 143 
„ Tetragona, Moench, see Phoenicia .... 143 

Thungbergii, Hooker, see Chinensis mas . . 142 

„ Thurifera, Linnaeus, the fragrant Spanish Juniper . 152 

„ Thurifera, Bonpland, see Chamsecyparis . . 69 

„ Turbinata, Gussone, see tamariscifolia . . . 151 

Uvifera, Don, see Libocedrus tetragona . . 66 

„ Yirginiana, Linngeus, the red Cedar . . . 153 

„ „ argentea, CO., silvery- variegated var. . 154 

„ aurea, C. C, golden- variegated var. . . 154 

,, Australis, Carriere, see Barbadoes var. . 153 

„ Barbadensis, Loudon, Barbadoes form . . 153 

„ „ Caroliniana, Loddige's, see Yirginiana . 153 

„ Chamberlaini, C. C, see pendula var. . . 154 

„ ,, cinerascens, C. C, see glauca var. . . 154 

„ „ compacta, C. C, compact-growing var. . . 154 

„ „ dumosa, Carriere, bushy var. . . 154 

„ foemina, C. C, female form . ; . 154 



APPENDIX. 



197 



JuNiPERUS, Yirginiana, glauca, C. C, glaucous var. 

„ gracilis C. C, see Barbadoes var. 

., ,, humilis, Loddige's, see Virginiana 

„ „ mas, C. C, male form 

„ nana, C. C, dwarf var. 

„ pendula, C. C, drooping-branched form 

„ foemina, C. C, female var. 

„ „ mas, C. C, male var. 

„ variegata, CO., variegated var 

,, viridis, Paul, very green var. 
sparsifolia, C. C, see Yirginiana 
,, stricta, C. C, see Virginiana 

variegata, Hort, variegated var. 
,, vulgaris, Carriere, see Virginiana 
viridis, C, C, very green var. 
„ vulgaris, Bauhin, see communis 

„ arborea, Bauhin, see Hibernica compressa 

,, fniticosa, Duhamel, see echinoformis var. 
,, „ fruticosa, Cupan, see echinoformis var. 

„ Wallichiana, Hooker, see squamata (Don) 

Webbii, Carriere, see Oxycedrus 
„ Wittmanniana, Fischer, see rufescens 

Zuccarini, Pavi, see rigida Japonica 
LARIX, the Larch Fir ...... 

Altaica, Fischer, the mountain form 
Amabilis, Senilis, the lovely Larch Fir 
Americana, Michaux, the American Larch 

microcarpa, Michaux, small-coned 
„ pendula, Loudon, pendulous-branched 
rubra, Loudon, red var. 
Archangelica, Lawson, see Siberica 
Cedrus, Miller, see Cedrus Lebani 
Communis, Lawson, see Europeaa 
Dahurica, Turczan, see Siberica 
Decidua, Miller, see Europeas 
European, De Candolle, the European Larch 
,, alba, Endlicher, the white var. 
,, Dahurica, Loudon, see Siberica 
,, Godsallii, Loudon, see pendulous var. 
,, pendula, Loudon, pendulous -branched 
,, repens, Loudon, see pendula var. 
,, rubra, Endlicher, the red var. . 

rustica, CO., contorted bush-like var. 
Excelsa, Link, see Europese 
Fraserii, Curtis, see Americana microcarpa var. 
Gmelini, Ledebour, see Siberica 
Griffithiana, Hooker, the Sikkim Larch 
Griffithii, C. C, see Sikkim Larch 
Himalayana, Hooker, see Sikkim Larch 
Intermedia, Lawson, see Altaica 
Japonica, C. C, see leptolepis 



PAGE 

154 
loi 
153 
154 
154 
154 
154 
154 
154 
154 
153 
103 
154 
153 
154 
144 
145 
145 
145 
152 
146 
145 
146 
84 
84 
84 
86 
86 
86 
86 
84 
56 
86 
84 
86 
86 
89 
84 
89 
89 
89 
89 
89 
86 
86 
84 
91 
91 
91 
84 
91 



198 



APPENDIX. 



PAGE 

LA.RIX, Kfempf'eri, Fortune, see amabilis .... 84 

„ Kamtsohatica, Carriere, see Altaica . . .84 

„ Kellermanni, Lawson, see EuropeoB rustica var. . 89 

„ Ledobourii. Kupprecht, see Altaica . . .84 

„ Leptolepis, Siebold, tbe Japan Larch ... 91 

„ Lyallii, C. C, see Occidentalis . . . .91 

M Microcarpa, Hooker, see Americana microcarpa . 86 

„ Nigra, Hort, see American pendulous var . . .86 

Occidentalis, Lyall, the Western Larch . . 91 

1, Orientalis, Tournefort, see Cedrus Lebaui . . 56 

„ Patula, Salisbury, see Cedrus Lebani ... 56 

n Pseudo-larix, Loddige's, see Altaica . . .84 

„ Pyramidalis, Salisbury, see EuropeitJ ... 86 

„ Rossiea, Sabine, see Altaica . . . .81 

„ Siberica, Ledebour, see Altaica ... 84 

„ Teuuifolia, Salisbury, see Americana microcarpa . . 86 

"Vulgaris, Fischer, see Europere ... 86 

La3chhai'dtia Australis, Archer, see Actiuostrobeixi, i . . .58 

„ Macleayana, Archer, see Actinostrobea), ^\ . . 58 

Laurs julifera, Ka3mpfer, 5^6? Podocarpeo}, \S 1 . . . . .154 

LiBocKDiius, sub. \) 2. 6. Cupressincaj .... 64 

LiBOCEDRUs Chiliensis, Endlicher, Chilian Arbor- Vitas . . .65 

„ variegata. C. C, variegated var. . . 65 

„ „ viridis, C. C, very green var. . . .65 

„ Craigiana, Low, see Thuja gigantea ... 67 

„ Dolobrata, C. C, hatchet-leaved Arbor-Vitno . . 65 

„ „ argentea, C C, silvery- variegated var. . 65 

„ „ atrovirens, C. C, very green var. , . 65 

„ „ aurea, C. C, golden -variegated var. . 65 

„ „ glauca, C. C, glaucous var. . . .65 

„ „ gracilis, C. C, slender-branched var. . 65 

,, „ IffitovireDS, C. C, pleasing green var. . . 65 

„ „ nana, C. C, dwarf var. ... 65 

„ ,, virens, C. C, light green var. . . . ('5 

„ Doniana, Endlicher, Don's Arbor- Vitas . . 65 

„ Decurrens, Torrey, see Thuja gigantea . , .67 

„ Excelsa, C. C, see Chiliensis, viridis ... 65 

„ Fragrans, C. C, see Chiliensis . . . .65 

„ Gigantea, Low, see Thuja gigantea ... 67 

„ „ glauca, Lawson, sec Thuja gigantea glauca . 67 

Tetragona, Emllicher, tetragonal Arbor- Vita3 . . 66 

Lignum emanum, Rumphius, see Podocarpea), ^ 2 . . . .156 

Maki-fa3tens, Ki\3mpfer, see Podocarpere ^^2 . . . . 156 

Microcachrys tetragona. Hooker, see Arthrotaxis small-coned var. . . 59 

Micropeuce Sieboldii, Spacb, see Abies Tsuja .... 32 

Nageia Blumei, Gordon, see P. Calophyllus latifolia . . . .155 

„ Ouspidata, Gordon, see P. Japonica cuspidata . . 155 

„ Graiidifolia, Gordon, see P. Calophyllus latifolia . . 155 

„ Japonica, Ga:rtner, see P. Calophyllus Japonica . 155 

,, variegata, Gordon, P. C. Japonica var. . 155 

,, Latifolia, Gordon, see P. C. latifolia . . -. 155 



I 



APPENDIX. 199 

PAGE 

Nageia Ovata, Gordon, see P. C. Japonica ovata .... 155 

,, ,, varicgata, Gordon, see P. C. Japonica variegata 155 

,, Pinnata, C. C, see P. C. Japonica . . . 155 

OcTOVAL^us, Senilis, s. § 1. Actinostrobeas .... 58 ; 

Pachylepis Commersonii, Brongniart, see Actinostrobesc s. ^ 3 . . .58 
„ Cuprossoides, Brongniart, see Actinostrobeic s. { 3 . 58 

„ Juniperoides, Brongniart, see Actiilostrobca; s. ^ 3 . .58 

„ Microphyllus, Archer, see Actinostrobea) s. 3 . . 58 \ 

Parolinia Juniperoides, Endlicher, see Actinostrobeaa, 8. § 3 ... 58 " 
Pence balsamea, Richard, see Picea balsamea .... 37 j 

Pherosphscra Ilookeriana, Archer, see ActinostrobesB, s. § 2 . . .58 ' 
Phyllocladus, Richard, § 2. Symmorphapitse . , 162 j 

„ Alpina, Hooker, .see trichomanoides . . .163 j 

„ Asplenifolia, Hooker, see rhomboidalis var. . .162 ' 

„ Billardierii, Mirbel, see rhomboidalis var. . . . 162 

„ Glauca, Carricre, see rhomboidalis var. . .162 

„ Hypophy 11a, Hooker, under-leaf form . . . 162 

„ Rhomboidalis, Richard, Tasmanian Allied Pine .162 

^ Serratifolia, Noisette, see rhomboidalis var. . . 162 

„ Trichomanoides, Brown, Maiden-hair-like Allied Pine 163 

Picea : § 2. Abictineaj ....... 35 

Picea : the Silver or Pitch Fir . . . ... 35 

Picea Ajanensis, Fischer, see Abies excelsa oocarpa .... 48 

„ Alba, Link, see Abies Alba .... 47 

„ „ echinoformis, Carriere, see Abies alba minima . 47 ! 

„ „ nana, Link, see Abies alba nana . . 47 

„ „ variegata, C. C, see Abies alba variegata . 47 ! 

„ Amabilis, Loudon, the Lovely Silver Fir , . 36 - 

„ Amabilis, Low, see nobilis var. . . . .40 

„ Apollinis, Rauch, Apollo Silver Fir ... 37 ' 

Balsamea, Linnaeus, the balsam Fir ... 37 

„ ,5 brevifolia, C. C, short-leaved var. . . 37 

„ „ longifolia, Loudon, long-leaved var. . . 37 ' 

„ „ nana, C. C, dwarf var. ... 37 \ 

„ „ prostrata. Knight, see Hudsonica . , 37 

„ „ variegata, Knight, variegated var. . . 37 

„ Bracteata, Loudon, long-bracted Silver Fir . . 37 

„ Bifida, C. C. see firma ..... 38 j 

„ Brunoniana, Spach, see Abies Brunoniana . . 31 | 

„ Californica, Carriere, see Abies Pattonii . . 51 < 

Canadensis, Link, see Abies Canadensis ... 30 
„ Cephalonica, Loudon, Cephalonia Silver Fir . . 37 ■ 

„ ,, Apollinis, Gordon, see Apollinis . . 37 

„ ,, variegata, C. C, variegated Pinsapo . 45 ; 

„ Cilicica, Rauch, Cilician Silver Fir . . .37 

„ Cinera, Baumaun, see pectinata nana ... 42 i 

„ Coerulea, Link, see Abies rubra coerulea ... 51 | 

„ Concolor, Gordon, see religiosa var. ... 46 ] 

„ Contorta, C. C, see pectinata tortuosa . . .42 j 

Douglasii, Link, see Abies Douglasii ... 32 | 
„ Excelsa, Link, see Abies excelsa .... 47 j 



I 



200 



APPENDIX. 



PAGE 

PiCEA, Excelsa, conica, Carriere, see Abies excelsa stricta ... 48 

denudata, Carriere, see Abies excelsa denudata . 48 

„ „ eremita, Carriere, see Abies excelsa monstrosa 48 
„ pyramidalis, Carriere, see Abies excelsa pyramidalis 48 

Firma, Siebold, firm-leaved Silver Fir . . 38 

„ Fortuni, Murray, see Firma • » . . .38 

„ Fraseri, Loudon, Fraser's Silver Fir ... 37 

., „ Hudsonica, Knight, dwarf form . . .37 

,, Hudsonica, Loudon, see dwarf form . . 37 

„ „ variegata, C. C, variegated var. . . .37 

Grandis, Loudon, the Great Silver Fir ... 38 

,. magnifica, CO., large-leaved form . . 38 

„ „ viridis, CO., more green-leaved form . 39 

„ Grandis, Low, see grandis magnifica . . .39 

• ,, Glaucescens, Roezl, see religiosa glauca . , . 46 

,, Glaucescens, Gordon, see religiosa glauca . . .46 

„ Herbertiana, Madden, see Pindrow ... 43 

„ Hirtilla, Loudon, see religiosa . , . . 45 

Hudsonica, C. C., see Fraseri Hudsonica .... 37 

„ Jezoensis, Carriere, see Abies Menziesii, Jezo form . 48 

„ Khutrow, Carriere, see Abies Morinda . . 49 

„ Kamtschatica, C. C, see Siberica . . . .42 

„ Homolepsis, Endlicher, see pectinata firma . . 38 

„ Lasiocarpa, C. C, see grandis magnifica . . .38 

„ Lasiocarpa, of some, see Nordmanniana . . 40 

„ Latinorum, Bauhin, see Abies excelsa . . .47 

„ Lowiana, Gordon, see grandis magnifica . . 38 

,, Leoclada, C. C, see Nordmanniana . . . . 40 

„ Magnifica, of some, see nobilis magnifica . . 40 

,, Magnifica, C. C, see grandis magnifica . . .38 

„ Major prima, Bauhin, see Abies excelsa . . 47 

,, Menziesii, Carriere, see Abies Menziesii . . .48 

,, Mertensiana, C. C, see Abies Mertensiana . . 31 

„ Metensis, Hort., see pectinata fastigiata . . .42 

„ Morinda, Link, see Abies Morinda ... 49 

„ Naptha, Knight, see Pindrow . . . .43 

„ Nigra, Link, see Abies nigra .... 50 

„ fastigiata, Carriere, see Abies nigra pumila . 50 

„ Nobilis, Loudon, the Noble Silver Fir . . . 39 

,, 5, magnifica, C. C, fine-foliaged form . . 40 

„ ,, robusta, C. C, robust-growing form . . 40 

,, Nordmanniana, Loudon, Nordmann's Silver Fir . . 40 

„ Obovata, Ledebour, see Abies excelsa oocarpa . . 48 

„ Orientalis, Link, see Abies Orientalis . . . 5o 

,, Parsonii, C. C, see grandis . . . . 38 

„ Pectinata, Loudon, the common Silver Fir . . .41 

„ „ argentea, C. C, silvery-variegated var. . 42 

„ „ aurea, C. C, golden- variegated var. . . 42 

„ „ bifida, C. C, two-cleft leaved form . . . 38 

„ fastigiata, Booth, fastigiate-branched var. . 42 

„ „ firma, C. C, firm-leaved form ... 38 



APPENDIX. ' 201 

PAGE 

PiCEA Pectinata fragilis, C. C, slender-branched var. . . .42 

,, „ leioclada, C. C, smooth-branched form . 42 

„ „ Metensis, C. C, see fastigiata var. . , 42 

microcarpa, C. C, small-coned form . 42 

„ nana, Knight, dwarf var. . . .42 

,, ,, pendula, C O., drooping-branched form . 42 

„ „ pyramidalis, C. C, pyramidal formed . . 42 

„ tortuosa, Booth, tortuous-branched form . 42 

„ variegata, C. C, variegated yar. . . .42 

,, Pichta, Loudon, the Siberian Pitch Fir . . 42 

„ „ alba, C. C, Cilician form . . . .37 

„ „ Fischerii, C. C, see Cilician form . . 37 

„ longifolia, C. C, long-leaved form . . 37 

„ Pindrow, Loudon, the Sanscrit Pitch Fir . . 43 

„ Pinsapo, Loudon, the Pinsapo Silver Fir . . .44 

„ „ argentea, C. C, silvery variegated . . 4o 

„ ,, aurea, C. C, golden variegated var. . . 45 

Peloponesiaca, CO., see Apollo form ... 37 

„ Polita, Carriere, see Abies Morinda . . .49 

„ Polita, C. C, see Abies excelsa var. ... 48 

„ Pyramidalis, C. C, see pectinata pyramidalis . . 42 

„ Eeginae Amalise, Heldreich, see Apollo form . , 45 

„ Eeligiosa, Loudon, the Sacred Silver Fir . . .45 

„ „ glauca, CO., glaucous var. . . . 45 

„ Einzi, Sort., see Cilicica . . . . .37 

, „ Eobusta, C. C, see nobilis robusta ... 40 

„ Eubra, link, see Abies rubra. . . . .51 

„ Schrenkiana, Fischer, see Abies excelsa oocarpa . 48 

„ Siberica, Fischer, see Abies excelsa oocarpa . .48 

„ Siberica, C. C, see pichta .... 42 

., 5, alba, C. C., see Cilicica . . . .37 

„ „ nana, C. C, dwarf var. . . . 42 

Sinensis, C. C, see pectinata microcarpa . . .42 

„ Sitchensis, Carriere, see Abies Menziesii . . "48 

„ Spectabilis, C. C, see Webbiana . . . .46 

, „ Taxifolia, C. C, see pectinata .... 41 

„ „ pyramidalis, Makoy, see pectinata pyramidalis . 42 

,, Yancor. Isld. Sp., Bridges, see grandis var. . . 39 

„ Yeitchi, Lindley, see pectinata microcarpa . . 46 

„ Yulgaris, Link, see Abies excelsa ... 47 

„ Webbiana, Loudon, Webb's Black Indian Fir . . 46 

PINGUECERJ5, Senilis: S.D. VI. Division One; Pinace^ . . 91 

PINGUECER^, Senilis : The Waxy or Amber-like Pines . . .91 

PINUS : The True Pines. S.D. VII. Conifers .... 99 
PiNUS Abasica, Carriere, see Halepensis ..... 113 

„ Abchasica, Fisher, see Halepensis . , . 113 

„ Abies, Du Eoi, see Picea pectinata . . .41 

„ „ Linnseus, see Abies excelsa ... 47 

, „ loureiro, see Pinguecerae, § 3 . . .97 

Pallas, see Abies excelsa oocarpa . . 48 

» J, Thunberg, see Abies Morinda . . .49 

Q 



202 



APPENDIX. 



Pin US Abies Americana, Marsh, see Abies Canadensis 
„ Acapulcensis, Don, see Apulcensis . 

,, Aculcensis, Eoezl, see Hartwegii 

„ Adunca, Bosc, see Insignis . 

„ Alba, Aiton, see Abies alba 

,, Albicualis, Englemann, Wilk-wbite Pine 

Alepensis, C. C, see Halepensis 
5, Altissima, Ledeboiir, see sylvestris latifolia 

Altissima, Banks, see Corsica 

Alopecuroides, Aiton, see serotina 

Amabilis, Douglas, see Picea amabilis 
„ Amecaensis, Eoezl, see Hartwegii 

„ Americana, Du Roi, see Abies Canadensis 

„ ,, Gfcrtner, see Abies rubra 

„ C. C, see strobus 
„ „ palustris, Duhamel, see Australis 

„ „ rubra, Waugh, see Abies rubra 

„ Angulata, Eoezl, see Protuberans 

„ Antoineana, Eoezl, see strobus gracilis . 

„ Aphernousli, Loudon, see Cembra 

„ Apollinis, Antoine, see Picea Apollinis . 

„ Apulcensis, Lindley, the Apulco Pine 

„ Arabica, Sieber, see Halepensis 

„ Araucana, Molina, see Araucaria imbricata 

„ Aracanensis, Knight, see Pinea . 

„ Araragi, Siebold, see Abies Canadensis Japonica 

J, Aristata, Englemann, the awned-scaled Pine 

5, Atlantica, Endlicher, see Cedi'us Atlantica 

Atrovirens, Eoezl, see Hartwegii 
,, Auckiandii, Loddige's, see Gerardiana 

Australis, Michaux, the Southern Swamp Pine . 
„ „ excelsa, Loudon, tall form 

„ Austriaca, Antoine, the Austrian Pine 

., „ Yariegata, Lawson, variegated var. 

„ Ayachuite, Ehrenberg, see strobus longicarpus . 

„ „ bianco, Eoezl, see Bonaparte 

„ „ colorada, Roezl, see strobus gigantea . 

„ „ macrocarpa, Hartweg, see strobus macrocarpa 

„ Aztecaensis, Eoezl, see Filifolia . 

Backhousiana, Eoezl, see Wincesteriana 
,, Ilalfouriana, Jeffrey, Balfour's Californian Pine . 

,, Balsamea, Linn-aeus, see Picea balsamea 

„ Banksiana, Lambert, Banks's Scrubby Pine 

„ Beardsieyi, C. C, see Ponderosa 

„ Benthamiana, Hartweg, Bentham's Pine 

liermuja, Lawson, see Pinaster Tar, 
„ Bessereriana, Eoezl, see teocote . 

„ Bifida, Antoine, see Picea pectinata bifida . 

Blanco, Knight, see Devoniana . ^ . 

r^oothiana, Eoezl, see strobus longifolia 
,, Eoucheiana, Eoezl, strobus longifolia Tar. 







APPENDIX. 


203 








PAGE 


Boursieri, 


Carriere, see Californica contorta 


108 


>•> 


Brachyptera, Englemann, small wing- seeded var. 


. 105 


•»> 


Bracteata, Don, see Picea bracteata 


37 


?> 


Brunoniana, Endlicher, see Abies Brunoniana 


31 


r> 


Brutia, Tenore, the Calabrian Cluster Pine 


105 


ff 


Biillnffl T?nP7,l 'ipp filifolia 


. 112 


11 


Bungeana, Zuccarini, the epidermis-barked Pine 


105 


77 


Buonapartea, Gordon, the Buonaparte Pine . 


. 105 


77 


Cairica, Don, see Halepensis 


113 


77 


Calabrica, C. C, see Corsica Calabrica 


. 110 


11 


Calacote, Koezl, see teocote 


137 


J» 


Californica, Hartweg, see tuberculata 


. 137 


1> 


35 


contorta, C. C, twisted- branched var. 


108 


>> 


Californica, Loisel, see Insignis 


. 114 


9» 


Canadensis, Willdenow, see Abies Canadensis . 


30 


?> 


55 


bifolia, Duhamel, see resinosa 


. 128 


»» 


35 


trifolia, Duhamel, see rigid a . 


128 


5 J 


35 


quinquifolia, Duhamel, see strobus 


. 130 


»> 


Canariensis, Smith, the Canary Islands' Pine . 


106 


>» 


Caramaniensis, Vilmorin, see Corsica Caramanica . 


. 110 


5» 


Carpatica, C C, see pumilio 


126 


1» 


Carriere, Eoezl, see macrophylla 


. 118 


>» 


Caucasioa, Fischer, see sylvestris latifolia 


136 


7) 


Cavendishiana, Paxton. see >'-'inensis 


. 130 


)» 


Cebenensis, C. C , see Corsica 


108 


7> 


Cedrus, Linnaeus, see Cedrus Lebani . 


. 56 


77 


Cedrus, 


Roezl, see leiophylla 


116 


7J 


Cembra, Linnaeus, Swiss Nut Pine . ... 


. 107 


71 


11 


alba, C. C, white var. . 


107 


77 


3 3 


glauca, C. C, glaucous var. 


. 107 


J» 


57 


fruticosa, Grisebach, see pygmsea var. 


107 


7J 


53 


Helvetica, Loddige's, see Cembra . 


. 107 


57 


75 


humistrata. Madden, see pygmsea var. 


107 


53 


77 


Japonica, C. C, Japan form 


. 107 


33 


77 


Koraensis, C. C, Corean form 


115 


>7 


77 


monophylla, Carriere, single- leaved var. . 


. 107 


5) 


77 


nana, Hort., see pygmsea var. . 


107 


77 


75 


nivea, CO., see alba var. 


. 107 


77 


77 


pence, C. C, see strobus pence 


122 


77 


13 


pygmaea, C. C, dwarf var. 


. 107 


7» 


ii 


pendula, C. C, pendent-branched var. 


107 


75 


'7 


Eoswsica, C. C.,see Siberica 


. 107 


37 


77 


Siberica, Loudon, Siberian form 


107 


J7 


>5 


stricta, CO., see Cembra . 


. 107 


7» 


57 


variegata, C. C, variegated var. 


107 


37 


11 


vulgaris, Endlicher, see Cembra . 


. 107 


77 


Cembroides, Gordon, Cembra-like form . 


107 


77 


77 


Zuccarini, see Llaves' Pine 


. 116 


7» 


Ccphalonica, Endlicher, see Picea Cephalonica . 


37 


1) 


Chalmaensis, Roezl, see Wincesteriana 


. 137 



204 



APPEXDIX. 



PAGE 

PiNUS Chihuliuana, Wislizenus, see inops Igevocarpa . . . 114 

Chinensis, Knight, see Pinaster sinensis . . . 119 

Chilghosa, Elphinstone, see Gerardiana . . . 112 

„ Chylla, Loddige's, see strobus excelsa . . .111 

„ Cilicica, Kotschy, see Picea Cilicica ... 37 

Cinerea, E^eling, see Abies excelsa . . . '47 

Coarctata, Roezl, see strobus longifolia . . . 134 
,, Colchica, Booth, see Halepensis .... 113 

Comonfortii, Eoezl, see leiopbylla , . . 116 

„ Concolor, Englemann, see Picea grandis var. . . 39 

Conglomerata, Graflfer, see Brutia . . . 105 

„ Contorta, C. C, twisted-branched form . . . 108 

Cornea, Eoezl, see strobus cornea var. . . . 134 
„ Corsica, C. C, the Corsican Pine .... 108 

,, „ Calabrica, C. C, Calabrian form . . 110 

„ „ Caramanica, C. C, Caramanian form . .110 

„ „ Contorta, C. C, twisted-branched form . 110 

,, nana, C. C, dwarf xilpine form . . . 110 

,, ,, pendula, C. C, drooping-branched form . HO 

,, pygmsea, C. C, very dwarf var. . . . 110 

,, sub-viridis, C. C, light green-leaved var. . 110 

„ ,, variegata, C. C, variegated-leaved var. . 110 

Corsicana, C. C, see Corsica .... 108 
„ Corrugata, Roezl, see Hartwegii .... 113 

„ Coulteri, Don, see large-coned Californian Pine . 117 
„ Craigiana, C. C, see ponderosa .... 125 

Cubensis, C. C, see Swartz's Occidentalis . . 121 

Cupressoides, Molini, see Libocedrus tetragona . .66 

,, Dahurica, Fischer, see Larix Dahuiica . . 84 

„ Dammara, Lambert, see Pingueceraa, § 2 . . ,95 

., Decaisneana, Eoezl, see Lindleyana . . . 116 

,. DecandoUeana, Eoezl, see leiophylla . . .116 

Decidua, Wallich, see Abies Brunoniana ... 31 

Densiflora, Siebold, dense-flowered Pine . . .Ill 

Deodara, Eoxburgh, see Cedrus Deodara , . 53 

Depauperata, Eoezl, see macrophylla var. . . 117 

,, Dependens, Eoezl, see leiophylla . . . 116 

Devoniana, Lindley, Duke of Devonshire's Pine . . Ill 

Dicksonii, C. C, see strobus excelsa . . . Ill 

, Dietritis, C. C, see Pinaster microcarpa . . 124 

, Dioica, Arrabida, see Araucaria Brasiliana . . 93 

, Divaricata, C. C, see Banksiana . . . . 104 

„ DoUeriana, Eoezl, see macrophyHa var. . . 117 

Domestica. C. C, see stone-pine (Pinea) . . . 125 

„ Don Pedri, Eoezl, see strobus macrocarpa . . 134 

„ Douglasii, Sabine, see Abies Douglasii . . .32 

Dumosa, Lambert, see Abies Brunoniana . . 31 

,, Durangensis, Eoezl, see Buonapartea . . .105 

,, Echinata. Miller, see inops . . . .113 

,, Echinata, C. C, see Mugho rostrata . . .121 

Edgariana, Hartweg, see Muricata . . - . 121 



APPENDIX. 205 

PAGE 

PiNUS Edulis, Wislizenus, see cembroides ..... 107 

Ehrenbergii, Endlicher, see leiophylla . . 116 

„ Elegans, Roezl, see strobus longifolia . . . 134 

„ Endlicheriana, Roezl, see Lindleyana . . . 116 

„ „ longifolia, Eoezl, see Montezumae . . 120 

Englemanniana, Roezl, see Australis var. . . 104 

Englemanni, Torrey, see Ponderosa . . . 125 

„ Erzeroomica, Calvert, see Sylvestris latifolia . . 136 

,, Escarena, Riss, see Pinaster Hamiltoniana . . 124 

Escandoniana, Roezl, see patula . . 122 

Excelsa, Lamarck, see Abies excelsa . . .47 

Excelsa, Wallicb, the Indian Strobus Pine . . HI 

Excorticata, Gordon, see Bungeana . . . 105 

„ Exserta, Roezl, see protuberans . . . 126 

„ Fertilis, Roezl, see cembroides . . . .107 

„ Filifolia, Lindley, the fine-leaved Pine . . 112 

„ Finlaysoniana, WaUicb, see Merkus's Pine . . 120 

„ Firma, Antoine, see Picea pectinata firma . . 38 

„ Fischeri, Booth, see Mugho var. . . . .121 

„ Flexilis, Torrey, see Californica contorta . . 112 
„ Fragilis, C. C, see Pinea fragilis .... 125 

Fraseri, Loddige's, see rigida .... 128 

„ Fraseri, Pursh, see Picea Fraseri . . . .37 

„ Fremontiana, Endlicher, Fremont's Pine . . 112 
„ Frenzlei, Yilmorin, see Pyrenaica .... 127 

„ Frondosa, Roezl, see Hartwegii . . . 113 
„ Galocote, Roezl, see teocote .... 137 

„ Geitneri, Roezl, see Eartwegii . . . 113 

„ Genuensis, Cook, see Halepensis . . . .113 

„ Georgica, C. C, see Australis .... 103 

Gerardiana, Wallich, Gerard's Indian Pine . .112 

„ Glauca, Moench, see Abies alba .... 47 

„ Gordoniana, Hartweg, Gordon's Mexican Pine . .113 

„ Gracilis, Roezl, see leiophylla .... 116 

Grandis, Douglas, see Picea grandis . . .38 

„ Grandis, Roezl, see strobus longifolia . . . 134 

Grenvillese, Gordon, Lady Granville's Pine . .113 

„ Haageana, Roezl, see strobus longifolia . . 134 

„ Halepensis, Alton, the Aleppo Pine . . . .113 

„ „ major, C. C., see Pyrenaica . . 127 

„ ,, maritima, Loudon, 5ee Halepensis . .113 

1, „ minor, Loudon, see Halepensis . . 113 

„ „ Pityusa, Stevins, Grecian form . . .113 

„ „ Salzmanni, Duhamel, see Pyrenaica . . 127 

» „ Syriaca, Ranch, see Grecian form . .113 

„ Hamata, Roezl, see Buonaparte .... 105 

„ Hamiltonii, Tenore, see Pinaster Hamiltonii . . 124 

„ Hartwegii, Lindley, Hartweg's Pine . . . 113 

„ Hartwegii, Roezl, see Montezuma^ . . . .120 

„ Heldreichii, Yilmorin, see Corsica var. . . . 110 

„ Hendersonii, Roezl, see filifolia . . . .112 



206 



APPENDIX. 



PAGB 



Pin US Heteromorpha, Eoezl, see proluberans . , . .126 

„ Heterophylla, Eudlicher, see Abies Mertensiana . . 31 

„ Hirtilla, Humboldt, see Picea religiosa ... 45 

Heirosolymitaria, Dubamel, see Halepensis . . 113 

Hispanica, Cook, see Pyrenaica . . . 127 

„ Homolepis, Antoine, see Picea pectinata Japonica . . 38 

„ Homolepis, Endlicher, see Picea pectinata Japonica . 38 

„ Horizontalis, Eoezl, see Russelliana . . . 128 

„ Hoseriana, Fioezl, see patula .... 122 

„ Hudsonica, Lamarck, see Banksiana . . . 104 

„ Hugeli, Roezl, see teocote .... 137 

Huisquilucaensis, Roezl, see leoiphylla . . . 116 

„ Indica, Madden, see strobus excelsa . . . ill 

Inflexus, Roezl, see Montezumse . .. . .120 

„ Inops, Solander, the poor Yirginian Pine . . 113 

„ „ loeocarpa, C. C, smooth- coned form . .114 

„ leiophylla, C. C. 5 soft-leaved Yar. . . 114 

„ „ procumbens, C. C, procumbent-branched var. . 114 

„ Insignis, Douglas, the remarkable Pine . . . 114 

„ „ macrocarpa, Hartweg, see radiata . .127 

„ Insularis, Endlichf^r, see Timoriensis . . . 137 

„ Intermedia, Fischer, see inops . . . .114 

Intermedia, Loddige's, see Larix Altaica . . 84 

„ Interposita, Roezl, see teocote variabilis var. . .137 

„ Iztacihuatli, Roezl, see Hartwegii . . . 113 

„ Japonica, Loudon, see Pinaster Japonica . . .119 

„ Japonica, Antoine, see densiflora .. . . Ill 

„ Jeffreyi, C. C, Jejffrey's Pine . . , .115 

„ Jeffreyana, Yan-Houtte, see Jeffrey! . . . 115 

„ Jezoensis, Endlicher, see Abies Menziesii, Jezo fom . 48 

„ Jostii, Roezl, see filifolia . . . . 112 

„ Kasiya, Royle, see Sinensis . . . . .130 

„ Kamtschatica, Endlicher, see Larix Kamtschatica . 84 

„ Ksempferi, Lambert, see Larix amabilis . . .84 

J. Kegelii, Roezl, see teocote .... 137 
„ Keteleeri, Roezl, see filifolia .... 112 

„ Khutrow, Royle, see Abies Morinda ... 49 

„ Koraiensis, Siebold, see Cembra, Corean form . .115 
„ Krelagi, Roezl, see Hartwegii . . . .113 

„ Lambertiana, Douglas, Lambert's Strobus Pine . .115 

Lanceolata, Lambert, see Raxopitys ... 97 

Laricina, Du Roi, see Larix Americana . . • .86 
„ Laricio, Poiret, see Corsica . . . .108 

J, „ Austriaca, Antoine, see Austriaca . . 104 

,, Calabrica, Delameterie, see Corsica Calabrica 110 

„ Caramanica, Loudon, see Corsica Caramanica . 110 

„ „ Contorta, C. C, see Corsica contorta . . 110 

„ Monspeliensis, Yillmorin, see Pyrenaica . . 127 

„ „ Pallasiana, Loudon, see Corsica Pallasiana . 110 

„ „ pendula, Carriere, sec Corsica pendula . .110 

„ • 5j Pyrenaica, Loudon, see Pyrenaica . ' . 127 



APPENDIX. 207 

PAGE 

PiNUS Laricio pygmsea, Rauch, see Corsica pygmsea . . . 110 

„ „ sub-viridis, Duhamel, see Corsica sub-viridis 110 

„ Larix, Pallas, see Larix Altaica . . . ,84 

„ Linnaeus, see Larix Europeae . . 86 

„ Thunberg, see Larix Japonica . . .91 

„ nigra, Mcench, see Larix Americana var. . 86 

„ rubra, Marsh, see Larix Americana rubra . 86 

,, Lasiocarpa, Hooker, see Picea amabilis . . 36 

„ Latterii, Madden, see Pinaster . . . .123 

„ Lawsoni, Eoezl, Lawson's Pine . . . 116 

„ Laxa, Ehrhart, see Abies alba . . . .47 

„ Ledebourii, Endlicher, see Larix Altaica . . 84 

„ Leiophylla, Schiedo, the smooth-leaved Pine . . 116 

„ Lemoniana, Bentham, see Pinaster Lemoniana . . 124 

„ Leptolepis, Endlicher, see Larix leptolepis . . .91 

„ Lerdoi, Eoezl, see leiophylla . . . .116 

„ Le Royi, Eoezl, see macrophylla . . . .118 

„ Leroyi, Eoezl, see macroph3'lla .... 118 

„ Leucodermis, Antoine, see Corsica var. . . .110 

„ Lindleyana, Gordon, Lindley's Mexican Pine . . 116 

„ Llaveana, Schiede, Llave's Mexican Nut Pine . .116 

„ „ var. Hartweg, see Fremont's Nut Pine . 112 

„ Loddigesii, Loudon, see Eigida .... 128 

„ Loiseleuriana, Carriere, see resinosa . . . 128 

„ Longifolia, Eoxburg, the long-leaved Indian Pine . .117 

„ Lophosperma, Lindley, the Crest-seeded Pine . . 117 

„ Loudoniana, Gordon, see strobus gigantea . . .117 

„ Lowi, Eoezl, see Montezumse .... 120 

„ Lutea, Loddige's, see inops . . . . .113 

„ Lutea, Makoy, see Australis . . . .103 

„ Mac Intoshiana, Lawson, see contorta . . . 108 

„ Macrocarpa, Lindley, the large-coned Pine . . 117 

„ Macrophylla, Lindley, the large-leaved Pine . .118 

„ Macrophylla, Eoezl, see strobus longifolia . . 134 

Macrophylla, Wislizenus, see Australis . . .103 

„ Madeiriensis, Tenore, see Pinea .... 125 

„ Magellensis, Schouw, see Corsica pygmsea . . .110 

„ Magnifica, Eoezl, see Devoniana . . . . Ill 

„ Manchurica, C. C, see Cembra Siberian var. . .107 

„ Mariana, Du Eoi, see Abies nigra ... 50 

Maritima, Alton, see Corsica .... 108 

„ „ Knight, see Pinaster . . . . 1 23 

„ „ Lambert, see Halepensis . . . .113 

„ Lamarck, see Pinaster . , . 123 

„ „ minor, Duhamel, see Pinaster microcarpa . 124 

„ ,, prima, Matthiol, see Halepensis Pityusa . 113 

„ ,, trocata, Knight, see Pinaster minor . . 124 

„ Marylandica, Booth, see Abies nigra ... 50 

„ Massoniana, Siebold, Masson's Chinese Pine . .118 

„ „ Lambert, see Pinaster var. . . . 119 

„ monophylla, Siebold, single-leaved var. . .119 



208 APPENDIX. j 

i 

PAGE \ 

PiNus Massoniana variegata, Zuccarini, variegated var. . . .119 j 

„ Menziesii, Douglas, see Abies Menziesii ... 48 ] 

„ Merkusii, Yrise, Merkus's Indian Pine . . . 120 | 

„ Mertensiana, Bongard, see Abies Mertensiana . . 31 j 

„ Microcarpa, Lambei't, see Larix microcarpa . . 86 | 

„ Microcarpa, Eoezl, see teocote . . . .137 ' 
„ Michoacaensis , Eoezl, see filifolia . . . 112 
,, Mitis, Micbaux, see inops leiophylla . . .116 

„ Monopbylla, Torrey, see Fremontiana . . . 112 | 

„ Monspeliensis, Salzmann, see Pyrenaica . . .127 j 

Monstrosa, Eoezl, see strobus longifolia . . 134 j 

„ Montana, Baumann, see Mugbo rostrata . . . 121 i 

„ „ "Wahlenberg, see Mugbo rotundata . . 121 1 

„ „ Lamarck, see Cembra .... 107 j 

5, Monte-Allegri, Eoezl, 566 leiopbylla , . . 116 j 

„ Monteragensis, Godefroy, see insignis . . .114 j 

„ Montereyensis, Eaucb, see insignis . . .114 j 

„ Montezumas, Lambert, Montezuma's Mexican Pine .120 j 

„ „ Lindleyi, Loudon, see Lindleyana . .116 j 

„ Montezumse, Eoezl, see filifolia . . . , 112 | 

,, Monticola, Douglas, tbe mountain Strobus Pine . 120 I 

Morinda, C. C, see Abies morinda .... 49 , 

„ Mugbo, Baubin, tbe Mugbo or mountain Pine . .120 , 

„ „ brevifolia, C. C, sbort-leaved var. . . 121 i 

„ bumilis, Neal, see pumilio . . .126 | 
„ ,, nana, Loudon, dwarf var, . . . 121 
„ rostrata, Antoine, beaked-scaled form . 121 

„ „ rotundata, Link, round' coned form . .121 j 
„ variegata, C. C, variegated var. . . 121 

„ Mugbus, Loudon, see Mugbo . . . .120 j 

„ Mulleriana, Eoezl, see teocote .... 137 I 

„ Muricata, Don, tbe Calif ornian " Obispo " Pine . . 121 1 

„ ^ Murrayana, Balfour, see Muricata , . .121 ; 

„ Neglecta, Low, see Pinaster .... 123 \ 

„ Neoza, Govan, see Gerardiana . . . .112 I 

„ Nepalensis, Eoyle, see Pinaster .... 123 | 

„ Ne-plus-ultra, Eoezl, see Wincesteriana . . 137 ] 

Nesselrodiana, Eoezl, see strobus longifolia . . . 134 

„ Nigra, Alton, see Abies nigra .... 50 i 

Nigra, Link, see Austriaca . . . . .104 \ 

Nigrescens, C. C, see Austriaca .... 104 • 

„ Nigricans, Hoss, see Austriaca . - . .104 i 

Nitida, Eoezl, see filifolia . . . .112 

Nivea, Bootb, see strobus nivea .... 134 i 

„ Nobilis, Douglas, see Picea nobilis ... 39 . 

,. Nordmanniana, Stevins, see Picea Nordmanniana . . 40 ! 

„ Nortbumberlandiana, Roezl, see strobus longifolia .134 1 
,, Nootkatensis, Manetti, see Ponderosa . . . 125 

„ Nova-HoUandica, Loddige's, see Pinaster . . 123 \ 

Nova-Zealandica, Loddige's, see Pinaster . . . 123 ; 

Nummularia, C. C, 5ee Larix Japonica . . , 91 ' 



APPENDIX. 209 

PAGE 

I'iNUS Obiiqua, Sauter, see Mugho ...... 120 

,, Obovata, Antoine, ser^ Abies excelsa oocarpa . . 48 

Ocampii, l\oozl, 5ee Devoniana . . . .111 

Devoniana, Koezl, see Devoniana . . Ill 

Occidentalis, C. C, see protubcrans . . . 126 

„ Humboldt, see IMontczumoe . . 120 

Swaitz, the West Indian Pine . . .121 

Oocarpa, Schiede, the egg-shaped-coned Pine . . 122 

„ oocarpoides, Endlicher, small-coned var. . 122 

Oocarpoides, bentham, see oocarpa small-coned . 122 

Ocote, Roezl, see filitblia ..... 112 

. „ Ocote-Chino Koezl, see leiophylla . . . HO 

,, Orientalis, LinnjEus, see Abies Orientalis . . .60 

,, Friwaldsky, see Picca ApoUinis . . 37 

Orizabas, Gordon, see strobus gracilis . . .134 

Ortgisiana, Roezl, see Kusselliana . . . 128 

„ Osteosperma, Wislizenus, see Llaveana . . .116 

„ Ottceana, Roezl, see macrophylla, Me>ican form . 118 

„ Padufia, Ledebour, see sylvestris Altaica . . .136 

Pallasiana, Lambert, see Corsica var. . . . 110 

„ Palraieri, Manetti, see Australis . . . ,103 

„ Palmiensis, C. C, see Australis . . . 103 
„ Palustris, Miller, see Australis .... 103 

„ excelsa, Booth, tall-growing form . . 104 
^, Papeleui, Roezl, see Hart wegii .... 113 

„ Parolinianus, Webb, see Pyrenaica . . . 127 

„ Parryana, Gordon, see Benthamiana . . . 104 

„ Parviflora, Siebold, see Cembra Japonica . . 107 

„ Patula, Schiede, the spreading Pine . . . 122 

,, macrocarpa Schiede, large- coned form . 122 

„ „ stricta, Bentham, compact-growing var. . .122 

„ Pawlikowskiana, Roezl, see macrophylla . . 118 

Paxtonii, Roezl, see strobus longifolia . . . 117 

„ Pectinata, Lamarck, see Picea pectinata . . 41 

,, Peloponnesiaca, IJaage, see Picea ApoUinis . 37 

Pendula, Alton, see Larix pendula ... 89 

,, ,, Griffith, see strobus excelsa . . . 134 

„ Pendulifolia, Griffith, see strobus excelsa . . 134 
„ Penicillus, Lapey, see Pyrenaica .... 127 

„ Persica, Strangways, see Halepcnsis Persica . . 113 

,, Pescatoria, Roezl, see macroyjhylla var. . . .118 

„ Peace, Grisebach, see strobus peuce . . 122 
„ Haage, see strobus pence .... 122 

I, „ Heldreicli, see strobus pence . . 122 

,f „ GarcZener's C7<,ronicZe, see strobus pence . 122 

Picea, Du Roi, see Abies excelsa ... 47 

„ Willdenow, see Picea pectinata . . .41 

,, Tournefort, see Picea Nordmanniana . 40 

„ concina, Endlicher, see Abies excelsa stricta . 48 

Pichta, Fischer, see Picea pichta . . ^2 

„ ,, longifolia, C. C, see Cilicica . . .39 

R 



210 



APPENDIX. 



PAGE 

Pin US TiLaster, Aitou, the star-like cluster-coned Pine . . . 123 

j, „ AberdonijB, Loudon, see Hamiltonii var. . 124 

,, altissima, Lamarck, see Hamiltonii var. . 124 

Escarena, Loudon, 5ee Hamiltonii var. . . 124 

Hamiltonii, Tenore, Lord Aberdeen's Pinaster l'^4 

, Hispanica, Koxas, see Pjrenaica . . 1-7 

„ Lemoniana, Loudon, Sir C. Lemon's Pinaster 121 

„ major, Duhamel, see Hamiltonii var. . .124 

,, minor, Loudon, small-coned var. . . 124 

„ . „ moaophylla, C. C, single-leaved var. . . 124 

„ monstrosa, C. C, see Lemoniana var. . 124 

„ nana, U. C, dwarf var. . . . 124 

5, „ penaula, C. C, drooping-branched var. . 124 

tortuosa, C. C, tortuous -branched var. . . 124 

„ variegata, C. C, variegated var. . . 124 

„ Pinceaua, Gordon, Pince's Mexican Pine . . . 125 

„ Pindrow, Eoyle, see Picea Pindrow ... 43 

5,. Pinea, Linnseus, the Nut Pine . . . .125 

Americana, C. C, American form . . 125 

„ Arctica, C. C , Alpine form . . . Vio 

brevifolia, C. C, short-leaved var. . , 125 

,, „ Chinensis, Knight, Chinese form . .1^5 

„ Cretica, Loudon, see Chinese form . . 125 

yy „ fragilis, Duhamel, thin-shelled form . . 125 

„ „ Tarentina, Wanetti, see fragilis var. . 125 

„ ,, variegata, C. C., variegated var. . . 125 

Pinsapo, Endlicher, see Picea Pinsapo . . , 44 
,, ,, variegata, C. C, see Picea Pinsapo variegata . 45 

„ . Pithyusa, Strangways, see Halepensis . . . 113 

Planchoni, Koezl, see Montezumse . . .120 

Polita, Antoine, see Abies ]^]orinda ... 49 

Poii-etiana, C. C, see Corsica var. . . . .110 

,, Ponderosa, Douglas, the heavy-wooded Pine . . 125 

„ Popocatepetli, Eoezl, see strobus gigantea . . .134 

Prasina, Koezl, see patula . . . . 1J2 

„ Protruberans, Roezl, the protuberant-scaled Pine . . 126 

„ Pseudo- Halepensis, Deuhardt, see Pyrenaica . . 127 

Pseudo-Larix, Stendel, see Pyrenaica . , .127 

Pseudo-Strobus, Lindley, 5ee strobus longifolia . 126 

„ „ Roezl. see Apulcensis . . . .102 

„ Pumilio, Hoenk, the dwarf Mountain Pine , . 126 

„ ,, rotundata, C. C, round-coned form . . 127 

,, variegata, C. C, variegated var. . . 127 

,, Pungens, Michaux, the bitter-juiced Pine . . , 127 

Pygmaea, Fischer, 5ee Cembra pygmsea . . . 107 

,^ Pyramidalis, Reuss, see Mugho . . ^ .120 

„ Pyramidalis, C. C , see Corsica . . . .108 

„ Pyrenaica, Lapeyrouse, the Pyrenean Pine . . 127 

„ Radiata, Don, the radiated-coned Pine . . . 127 

„ Regeliana, Roezl, Regel's Pine . . . .128 

„ Religiosa. Humboldt, see Picea religiosa . ' . 45 



APPENDIX. 211 

PAGE 

PiNUS Resiiiosa, Roczl, see Ilartwegii ..... \\^ 

„ „ Solander, the resinous Pine . . . I'iS 

„ Ketracta, Eoi zl, Wincesteriar.a . . , 1*^7 

„ Richardiana, Roezl, see Lindleyana . . . 11 G 

„ lligeiisis, C. C, see Sylvestris . . . .134 

Ixigida, Miller, the stiff-leaved Pine . . . 1-8 

Pvigida serotina, Loudon, see serotina . . . 129 

Rinzi, Roezl. sea Russelliana .... 128 

,, Robusta, Roezl, see Lindleyana . . . .116 

Rohani, Roezl, Russelliana . . . 128 

,, Roniana, C. C, see Pinea ..... 125 

Romana, of some, see Corsica Carmanica • . 108 

Romana, of some, see Pinaster .... 12 * 
„ Roylei, Lindley, see inops . . 113 

Rubescens, Hoezl, see Russelliana . . 128 

Rubra, Lambert, see Abies rubra . .51 

„ ,, violacea, Endlicher, see Abies rubra cccrulea 5i 

,^ ,, Siebold, see j\Iassoniana . . .118 

,. Zuccarini, see densiflora . . . Ill 

Rubroeflora, Loudon, s^'c Mugho rostrata . , 121 
Rudis, Roezl, see protuberans .... 126 

,, Rumeleana, Roezl, see strobus longifolia . . 131 

,, Ruprestris, Michaux, see Banksiana . . 1''4 

Russelliana, Lindley, Duke of Bedford's Pine . . 128 
„ Sabiniana, Douglas, Sabine's Pine . . . l-'9 

„ ,, Coulterii, Loudon, see macrocarpa . . 117 

„ major, Manetti, see macrocarpa . . 117 

Salzmanniana, Dunal, see Pyrenaica . . . 127 

„ Sanguinea, Lapeyrouse, see Mugho rostrata . . 121 

„ San-Rafaeliana, Roezl, see strobus longifolia , .134 

,, Sativa, Bauhin, see Pinea .... 125 

Sativa, Amann, see Cerabra . . . . 107 

„ Schrenkiana, Antoine, see Abies excelsa oocarpa . 48 

, Scotica, VVilldenow, see silvestris rubra . . . 134 

,, iScoparia, Roezl, see Hartwegii . . . . 113 

,, Serotina, Michaux, the late-seeding Pine . . . 129 

„ Serenagensis, Madden, si e longifolia, (Roxburgh) .. 117 

,, Mberica alba, Fischer, see Picea Cilicica . . .37 

„ Loddige's, see Larix Siberica . . 84 

„ Stendil, see Picea pichta . . .42 

,, Sinclairii, Hooker, see Benthamiana . . . 104 

Sinensis, Lambert, the Chinese Pine . . .130 

„ Sitchensis, Bougard, see Abies Menziesii . . 48 

„ Skinnerii, Forbes, see hlifolia . . . .112 

„ „ C. C, see oocarpa .... 12i 

,, Smithiana, Lambert, see Abies Morinda . . .49 

„ Soulangeana, Roezl, see strobus longifolia . . 134 

,, Sp. like Ayacahuite, Loudon, see strobus gigantea . . 134 

Spectabilis, Lambert, see Picea Webbiana . . 46 

' fe[)inosa, Roezl, see strobus longifolia . , . 134 

„ St. Helenica, London, see Pinaster . . . 123 

„ btandi-shi, Roezl, see Hartwegii . . . .113 



212 




APPENDIX. 










PAGE 


Pin us Striata, 


Hamilton, 


see Picea Webbiana .... 


46 


>» 


55 


C. C , see Corsica Calabiica 


. 110 


>> 


Strobiformis. VVislizenus, strobus macrocarpa 


134 


If 


Strobus, C. C, the strobus Pine 


. 130 


> ♦ 


5) 


alba, Loudon, the white or ashy-grey var. 


134 




5) 


brevifolia, Booth, short-leaved form 


. 134 


M 


3 J 


Caramanica, C. C, the Asiatic form . 


134 


>» 


J J 


compressa, Loddige's, see alba var. 


. 134 


• 1 


)) 


cornea, C C, horn- coned form 


134 


?» 


55 


elegans, C. C, see slender-branched var. 


. 134 


)♦ 


5 » 


erecta, C. C, compact-branched var . 


131 






excelsa, C. C, tall Indian form 


. 134 


1 » 


) ) 


fragilis, C. C, slender-branched form 


131 


15 




gigantea, 0. C., gigantic form 


. 134 


)» 




londcarp' C. C, lon"-coned form 


134 


) 1 


, ) 


longifolia, C. C-, long-leaved form 


. 134 


>l 




macrocarpa, C. C, large-coned form 


134 


J> 


) ) 


microcarpa, C. C., small-coned torm 


. 131 


1> 


55 


Montana, CO., Alpine form 


134 


»» 


) > 


nana, C. C, very dwarf var. 


. 134 


»» 


) t 


nivea, C. C, the snowy- white var. 


134 


»> 


55 


pendula, C. C, drooping-branched var. . 


. 134 


J> 


51 


pence, C. C, Grecian form 


134 


55 


55 


robusta, C. C, strong-branched var. 


. 131 


55 


5> 


tabuliformis, C. C, see Mountain form 


134 


55 


5» 


tortuosa, C. C, twisted-branched var. 


. 134 


55 


i» 


umbraculifera, C. C, see Mountain form 


134 


55 


55 


variegata, C. C, variegated var, . 


. 134 


55 


55 


H amilton, see strobus excelsa 


111 


5» 


>5 


Thunberg, see Cembra Corean form 


. 115 


>» 


Subpatiila, Roezl, see^patula . ' . 


122 


»» 


SuftVuticosa, Roezl, 5ee Hartwegii . 


. 113 


55 


Sumatraua, Jungliu, see'^Merkus's Pine 


120 


5> 


Sylvestris, Linna3us, the common Scotch Pine 


. 134 


55 


5? 


alba, C. C, the white Scotch Pine 


134 


55 


5» 


Altaica, Ledebour, Mountain form 


. 136 


-i» 


t1 


altera Doodon, see Cembra 


107 


5? 


55 


argentea, ^tevins, the silvery-leaved form 


, 136 


J1 


»» 


brevifolia, C. C, short-leaved var. 


136 


»» 


53 


. brevifolia, Link, see Mugho rotundata 


. 121 


»♦ 


55 


Caramanica, C. C, see White Scotch Vine 


134 


>l 


55 


Cembra, Matthiola, see Cembra . 


. 107 


»» 


55 


De Sagan, C. C, see \^'hite Scotch Pine 


134 


51 


55 


divaricata, Aiton, see Banksiana 


. 104 


1» 


55 


Escarena, C. C. , see sylvestris 


134 


51 


55 


fastigiata, C. C, fastigiate- branched var. 


. 136 


>» 


55 


Genevensis, Bauhin, see Sylvestris 


134 


55 


55 


Haguensis, Loudon, see Sylvestris 


. 134 


»♦ 


55 


hamata, Stevins, see silvery- leaved var. 


136 


5) 


55 


horizontalis, Don, see Ked Scotch Pine 


. 134 


55 


55 


bumilis, Link, see Mugo rotundata . ' . 


121 







APPEXDIX. 


213 

PAGE 


PiNUb Sylvestris, 


latifoliu, Gordun, large-leaved lorin 


. 136 






monophylla, C. C, single-leaved var. 


136 


»» 


?» 


Montana, Alton, see pumilio 


. 126 




n 


iMontana, i^, v^-, see xieu loilu l iiiu 


134 




i> 


Mugho, Bauhin, see ^Mugho 


. 120 




?i 


nana, C. C, dwarf var. 


LH 






pendula, C. C, drooping-branched var. . 


. 134 




>i 


Persica, C. C, see large-leaved form . 


134 




»» 


pygmaja, C. C, see d^varf var. 


130 


>» 


»» 


Rigensis, Fischer, see Sylvestris 


. 134 


J » 




roiunQaia, LiinK, see iMugno roiuijuaia 


1-21 




1 > 


rubra, L« 0., tne ueo. ocoicn i me 


. 134 


> • 


>» 


uncinata, Don, see Sylvestris 


lo4 




1 » 


Uralensis, Fischer, set Altaica . . 


, 126 




5) 


scariosa, Loddige's, see Sylvestris 


134 


>) 


? > 


Scotica, Willdenow, see Red Scotch Fir . 


. 134 






squamosa, Bosc, see Sylvestris 


134 




1 » 


variegata, C. C, variegated var. 


. 136 




H 


vulgaris, Clusius, see Sylvestris 


134 




Sylvestr 


s, Thunberg, see Massoniana 


. 118 




Syrtica, Thore, see Pinaster .... 


123 




Tieda, Linnaeus, the Torch Pine 


. 136 




»> 


alopecuroides, Alton, see serotina 


129 






rigida, Alton, see rigid a 


. 128 






variabilis. Michaux, see inops 


113 




Tartarica, Miller, see pumilio 


. 126 




Taurica, 


C. C, see Corsica .... 


108 




l axifoiia, Lambert, see Abies Douglasii 


. 32 




Tchugatskoi, Fischer, see Picea Cilicica 


37 




Teazleyi 


, C C, see Pyrenaica 


. 127 




Tenangaensis, Roezl, see strobus longifolia 


134 


^} 


Tenuifolia, Bentham, slender- leaved Pine . 


. 136 




Teocote, Schiede, the candle-wood Pine 


137 


) f 




variabilis, C. C, variable-leaved var. 


. 137 




Tetragona, Moench, see Abies alba 


47 




Thelemanni, Roezl, see strobus longifolia . 


. 131 




Thibaudiana, Roezl, see Devoniana 


111 




Timoriensis, Loudon, the Timor Island Pine 


. 137 


)1 


Tinctora, Wallich, see Picea Webbiana 


43 


if 


Tlamacaensis, Roezl, see Hartwegii 


. 113 




Tomacocaensis, Roezl, see strobus longifolia 


134 




Torreyana, Parry, see Sabiniana microcarpa 


. 129 


J) 


Troubezkoiana, Roezl, see Russelliana 


128 


J ) 


Tsuja, Antoine, see Chinese hemlock spruce 


. 32 




Tuberculata, Don, tuberculated-coned Pine 


137 




Tumida, Roezl, see teocote 


. 137 




Tzompoliana, Roezl, see patula 


122 


) ) 


Uncinata, Raymond, see Mugho 


. 120 


>» 




brevifolia, Endlicher, see Mugho brevifolia . 


121 






humilis, Endlicher, see Mugho humilis 


. 121 


fi 


)> 


montana, Endlicher, see Mugho rotundata 


1.1 



214 



APPENDIX. 



PAGE 

TiNus Uncinata ubliqua, Sauter, 6'6e Mugho ulii;inosa . . . 121 

„ >> rostrata, Antoine, see Mugho rostrata . 121 

„ Uncinata, Widdrington, see Mugho . . . 120 

Yalida, Roezl, see filifolia . . . .112 

„ Van-Geerti, Roezl, see filifolia .... 112 

„ Yan-Houtte, lloezl, see strobus longifolia . . 134 

„ Yariabilis, Pursh, see iaops .... 113 

„ Yariabilis, Lambert, see inops , . . 113 

^, Yeitchi, Roezl, see Buonapartea .... lOo 

„ Yenusta, Douglas, see Picea bracteata ... 37 

Yerrucosa, Roezl, see leiophylla .... 116 

,, Yerschaffelti, Roezl, see Wincesteriana . . l^ij 
„ Yerticillata, Siebold, see Pinguecereae, § 4 . .98 

„ Yilmoriniana, Roezl, see teocote . . . 137 

,, Yiminalis, Alstrsemer, see Abies excelsa pendula . . 48 

YirgiDiana, Miller, see inops , . . . 113 

,, ,, tenuifoiia, Plunkenett. see tseda . . 136 

„ Webbiana, Wallich, see Picea Webbiana . . 46 

Wilsoni, Roezl, see Montezumse .... 120 

,, Wincesteriana, Gordon, Marquis of Winchester's Pine 137- 

„ Zactlana3, Roezl, see Apulco Pine . . . 102 

Zamoraensis, Roezl, see filifolia .... 112 

„ Zitacuaria, Roezl, see Devoniana . . . Ill 
Platycladus dolabrata, Spach, see Libocedrus dolabrata . . .65 

,, Stricta, Spach, see Biota Orientalis ... 64 

PODOCARPE.E: The Podocarpus Tribe lo4 

PoDocAKPUs, L'Heriter, the fruit-footstalked Yew . . .154 

„ Acicularis, Yan-Houtte, see Jamaicaensis . . . 159 

„ Ai^alhifolia, Blume, see Calophyllus latifolia . . 155 

„ Alpina, Brovrn, see Jamaicaensis, Alpine form . . 159 

„ Amara, Blume, the Bitter Podocarpus . . 157 

„ Andina, Poeppeg, the Andres Podocarpus . . 157 

„ Antarctica, Yan-Houtte, S(?e Andina var. . . 157 

„ Antillrirum, Brown, see Jamaicaensis coriacea . . 1-'^ 

,, Asplenifolia, Liball, see Phyllocladus rhomboidalis . 16-i 

„ Bidwilli, Hoibrenk, see elata .... 158 

Biformis, Hooker, see Dacrydium Colensoi . . 110 

„ Blumi, Endlicher, see Calophyllus latifolius . . 155 

Bracteata, Blume, see Jamaicaensis bracteata . . 159 

„ „ brevips, Blume, see Jamaicaensis brevips . 159 

,, Chilina, Richard, see Andina var. . . . 157 

„ Chinensis, VVallich, the Chinese Podocarpus . . 157 

„ argentea, Gordon, silvery-variegated . 157 

„ ,^ aurea, Gordon, golden-variegated . . 157 

„ Coriacea, Richard, see Jamaicaensis coriacea . . 159 

„ Coriacea, C. C, see Chinensis, Corean form . . 157 

,, Coreana, Yan-Houtte, see Foetataxus nucifera . 168 

„ Corrugata, Gordon, see Chinensis corrugata . . 157 

„ Cupressina, Brown, the Cjpress-like . . 158 

„ Curvifolia, Carriere, see Andina curvifolia. . . 157 

„ Cuspidata, Endlicher, see Calophyllus Japonicus - . 155 



APPENDIX. 



215 



PAGE 

]\)i)()CAurus, Cuspidata, C. C, see Amara var. .... 157 

„ Dacryoides, Richard, the Dacrydium-like . . 158 

„ Dacrydioides, Carriere, see dacryoides . . .158 

„ Discolor, Blume, see ferruginea discolor . . 159 

Drupacea, C. C, see Cephalotaxus drupacea . . 16G 

Klata, Brown, the lofty Kew Holland Podocarpus . 158 

Elongata, Heritier, sec elata olongata . . . 158 

Endlicheriana, Carriere, see elata var. . . 158 

,, Ensifolia, Brown, see Jainaicaensis ensifolia . . 159 

Excelsa, Loddige's, see elata var. . . . 158 
,, Eulcata, Brown, see elata var. .... 158 

Ferruginea, Don. the rus^ty New Zealand . . 158 

„ Glonierata, Don, see elata gloraerata . . . 158 

„ Granditolia, Endlicher, see Calophyllus latifolius . 155 

„ Horstieldii, Wallich, see v'upressina . . . 158 

„ Huraboldtii, C. C, see rigida ... . 159 

„ Imbricata, Blume, see Cupressina . . . 158 

„ Jamaicaensis, C. C\, the Jamaica Podocarpus . . 159 

Japonica, Siebold, Chinensis, Koraiana . . . 157 

„ argentea, C. C., silvery-variegated . . 157 

aurea, C. C, golden-variegated . . 157 

elegautissium, C. C. see Japonica aurea . 157 

„ Koraiana, Siebold, see Chinensis Koraiana . . 157 

„ Laeta, Hoibrenk, see elata var. .... 158 

„ Earabertiana, Klotz, see elata Lambert's var. . . 158 

„ Lanceolata, C. C, see Chinensis lanceolata var. . 157 

Latifolia, Wallich, see Calophyllus latifolius . . 155 

„ ,, Blume, see Calophyllus latifolius . . 155 

Brown, see elata hitifolia var. . . . 158 

Laurencii, Hooker, see elata spiny-leaved var. . 158 

„ Lepto>tachya, Blume, see elata var. . . . 158 

Linearis, Van-Houtte, see elata linearis . , 158 

„ Longifolia, C. C , see Chinensis macrophylla . . 157 

,, Macrophy 11a, l)on, see Chinensis macrophylla . 157 

„ ,, Wallich, see Nerifolia . . . 159 

„ Makoy, see Chinensis macrophylla . 157 

„ ,, ^laki, Fndlicher, see Chinensis var. . . 157 

„ Mackoya, C. C, see Chinensis var. . . .157 

Makayi, 1 awson, see Chinensis var. . . . 157 

„ Maki, Siebold, see Chinensis var. . . ♦ 157 
,, Makoyi, C. C,. see Chinensis var. .... 157 

Meyeriana, Endlicher, see elata var. . . . 158 

„ Montana, Loddige's, see rigida taxifolia var. . . 160 

„ Mucronata, C C, see elata var. . . . 158 

Nageia, Brown, see Calophyllus Japonica . .155 

„ Neglecta, Blume, see Jamaicaensis coriacea . . 159 

Nerifolia, Brown, the Oleander-leaved . . . 159 

„ Nivalis, Hooker, see Jamaicaensis nivalis . . 159 
„ Nubicola, Makoy, see Yaldiviana .... 160 

5, Nubigaena, Lindley, see Valdiv.aia . . . 160 

,, Oliefolia, Don, see Andiiia oliefolia . . . 157 



216 



APPENDIX. 



PAGE 

PoDOCAUPUS Ovata, C. C, se^ Calophyllus Japonica . . . lo5 

„ Ovata variegata, C. C, see P. C. Japonica var. . . loo 

„ Pinnata, C. C, see P. C. latifolia . . . loo 

Polystachya, Brown, see Jamaicaensis . . . 1^-9 

„ Pruinosa, Meyer, see elata var. . . . lo8 

„ Pungens, Don, see elata spinosa , . . . lo8 

Pungens, Yan-Houtte, see^Totara . . . l^''^^ 

„ Purdiana, Hooker, see Jamaicaensis coriacea . . lo9 

Eigida, Klotzsch, the stiff-leaved . . . 156 

„ Rumphii, Blume, see elata longifolia . . . 1-^8 

Salicifolia, Klotzsch, the willow-leaved . . 160 

Saligna, Don, see Jamaicaensis, Chili form . . 159 

Sellowii, Klotzsch, 5ee Amara var. . . . lo7 

Spicata, Brown, see elata spicata . . . lo8 

„ Spinulosa, Brown, see elata spinulosa . . 158 
„ Spinulosa, Makoy, see Totara .... 1^0 

„ Taxifolia, Humboldt, see rigida var. . . . 160 

„ „ densifolia, Kunth, see rigida var. . . 160 

„ Thevetiaefolia, Blume, see elata var. . . . 158 

„ Thuiodes, Brown, see dacryoides . . . 158 

,, Thunbergii, Hooker, see elata var. . . . 158 

Totara, bon, the New Zealand Totara Pine . . 160 

„ Yaldiviana, C. C, the Yaldivian Podocarpus . . 160 

., Yerticillata,C. C, see Chinensis macrophylla , . 167 

„ Yacca, Don, see .Jamaicaensis coriacea . . . 159 

„ Zamiaefolia, Richard, see Dammara Australia . . 96 

„ Zamigefolia, C. C, see P. C. latifolia . . . 155 
Pruranopitys elegans, Philippi, see Pod. Yaldiviana .... 160 

Pseudo-Larix KiBmpferi, Gordon, see I arix amabilis ... 84 
Pteuophyllus, i^enilis, ^ 3. Syrnmorphapiteae .... 163 

,, Salisburiensis, (J. C, Salisbury's Allied Pine . . 163 

„ argentea, C. C, silvery-variegated . . 164 

„ ,, anrea, C. C, golden-variegated . . 164 
Laciniata, C. C, cut-leaved form .... 164 

Macrophylla, C. C, large-leaved . . . 164 

Microphylla, C. C, small-leaved . . . . 164 

Quadrifaria imbricata, Manetti, see Araucaria imbricata ... 93 

QuAKTovALYUs, ^euilis, sub. ^ 3. Actinostrobese . . . .58 

llAXori rYS, Senilis, the Kacem-flowered Pine .... 97 
J, Cunninghamii, C. C, Cunningham's Hacem-flowered Pine 97 

5, glauca, C C, glaucous-leaved var. . . 97 

Ketinospora, Siebold, the Eesinous Seeded Cypress . . .76 

„ Ericoides, Zuccarini, the heath-like ... 76 

Fusinoki, Zuccarini, see obtusa . . .76 

Leptoclada, Zuccarini, see squarrosa leptoclada . 77 

„ Lycopodioides, Standish, see obtusa lycopodioides . . 77 

Monstrosa, C. C, see obtusa lycopodioides . . 77 

„ Obtusa, Siebold, the obtuse . . . .76 

„ argeutea, Fortune, silvery-variegated . 76 

„ „ aurea. Fortune, golden variegated . . 77 

„ „ lycopodiodes, C. C, club-moss-like var. ' . 77 



APPENDIX. 



217 



Retin-ospora Obtusa pygmsea, C. C, very small var. 

Pesifera, Siebold, the pea-fruited 
„ „ argentea, C O., silvery- variegated 

„ „ aurea, C. C, golden- variegated 

,, „ pygmaea, C. C, very small var. 

n Squarrosa, Siebold, squarrose-formed 

n argentea, C. C, silvery-variegated 

„ aurea, C. C, golden- variegated 
,, „ leptoclada, C. C, small-branched 

Salisburia adiantifolia, Smith, see Pterophyllus 

„ „ argentea, C. C, iee Pterophyllus 

„ aurea, C, C, see Pterophyllus 

„ „ laciniata, C. C, see Pterophyllus 

„ „ macrophylla, C. C, see Pteroyhyllus 

„ variegata, C. C, see Pterophyllus 

„ Billardierii, Mirbel, see Phyllocladus rhomboidalis 

„ Ginkgo, C. C, see Pterophyllus Salisburiensis 

„ Macrophylla, Eeynier, see Pterophyllus 

Saxe-Gothoea conspicua, Lindley, see Squamataxus Albertiana 
Gracilis, C. C, see Podocarpus Yaldiviana 

Schubertia Capensis, Sprengel, see Actinostrobeae, ^ 3 

„ Disticha, Mirbel, see Cuprespinnata disticha 

,, Disticha, Booth, see Cuprespinnata disticha 

„ Disticha imbricata, Spach, see Cuprespinnata 

„ Japonica, Spach, see Cuprespinnata heterophylla 

„ Nucifera, Denhardt, see Cuprespinnata heterophylla 

„ Sempervirens, Spach, see Gigantabies taxifolia 

SciADOPiTYS, \ 4. Pinguecerse ..... 
,, Yerticillata, Siebold, the Umbrella Pine 

Sequoia gigantea, Carriere, see Gigantabies Wellingtoniana 

„ Gigantea, Decaisne, see Gigantabies Wellingtoniana 

„ Gigantea, Endlicher, see Gigantabies Wellingtoniana 

Lawsoniana, Lawson, see Gigantabies Taxifolia var. 
„ Sempervirens, Endlicher, see Gigantabies Taxifolia 

Sexavalvus, Senilis, § 2. Actinostrobese 

Stachycarpus, Endlicher, ^ 2. Podocarpese 

SauAMATAXus, Senilis, J 3. Taxinege .... 
,, Abertiana, C. C, Prince Albert's Yew . 

SYMMORPHAPITEiE, Senilis : The Allied Pine Tribe 

TAXIISTE^ : The Yew Tribe 

Taxodii, Sp. Douglass, see Gigantabies Taxifolia 

Taxodium adscendens, Brongniart, see Cuprespinnata 

„ Capensis, C. C, see Actinostrobeae, § 3 

„ Distichum, Richard, see Cuprespinnata . 

„ denudatum, Leroy, see Cuprespinnata var. 
„ ,, excelsum, Booth, see „ 

„ ,, fastigiatum. Knight, see ,, 

„ ,, Mexicana, Gordon, see n • 

„ „ microphyllum, Spach, see „ 

„ mucronatum, C. C, see „ 

nanum, Carriere, see 



S 



i 

218 APPENDIX. \ 



Taxodium Distichum nigrum, C. C, see Cuprespinnata var. ... 61 ; 

nutans, Loudon, see Cuprespinnata . 62 ] 

„ ,5 patens, Endlicher, see „ . • 61 -i 

„ ,, pendulum, Loudon, see . 62 

„ „ pinnatum, C. C, see „ . . 62 

„ „ Sinensis, Noisette, see .62 ; 

„ Fastigiatum, C. C, see „ . . 62 

Horsfieldii, Knight, see Podocarpus Cupressina . 158 j 

„ Hugelii, Lawson, see Cuprespinnata disticha var. . . 62 ; 

„ Japonicum, Denhardt, see Cuprespinnata heterophylla . 62 \ 

,, Japonicum, Brongniart, see Cryptomeria Japonica . . 59 j 

„ Juniperoides, C.C., see Actinostrobe^e, § 3 . . 58 1 

„ Mexicanum, Carriere, see Cuprespinnata var. . . 62 \ 

.„ Microphy Hum, Brongniart, see „ . . • 62 < 

Montezumae, Dunal, see . . . 62 ^ 

-„ Mucronatum, C. C, see j, • • • 62 I 

.„ Mucronatum, C. C, see „ ... 62 ; 

.„ Nuciferum, Brongniart, see „ . . . 62 

.„ Nutkaensis, Lambert, see Gigantabies taxifolia . - 78 

.,, Pinnatum, C. C, see Cuprespinnata ... 62 ; 

„ Sempervirens, Lambert, see Gigantabies, taxifolia . 78 

~5, Sinensis, Noisette, see Cuprespinnata ... 62 | 

pendulum, Forbes, see Cuprespinnata . . 62 

,, Virens, Knight, see Cuprespinnata ... 62 

Taxus, adpressa, Lindley, adpressed Yew ..... 171 \ 

„ „ . erecta, C. C, erect- growing . . . 171 ^ 

„ variegata, C. C., variegated . . .171 . 

„ Baccata, Linnaeus, see communis . . . 171 ] 

„ ,, Thunberg, see Cephalotaxus drupacea , . 166 I 

Boursiere, Carriere, see American Yew . . . 171 i 

„ Canadensis, Willdenow, Canadian Yew . . . 171 

„ „ major, Knight, see Canadensis . . 171 

„ variegated, C. C, variegated . , . 171 \ 

.,, Capensis, Lamarck, see Podocarpus elongata . . 158 j 

„ Chinensis, Roxb., see Podocarpus Chinensis . . 157 j 

„ Coriacea, C. C, see Cephalotaxus drupacea . . 166 j 

„ Cuspidata, Siebold, Japan Yew .... 174 | 

„ Communis, C. C, the common Yew , . . 171 | 

„ „ adpressa, Carriere, adpressed Yew . . 177 

5, „ Americana, Douglas, American Yew . 171 I 

„ argentea, Loudon, silvery variegated . . 172 ; 

,, aurea, C. C, golden variegated . . 172 \ 

„ „ aureo-virens, Senilis, gold and green Yew . 173 

„ „ brevifolia, C, C, short-leaved Yew , 172 ; 

„ „ Canadensis, Loudon, Canadian Yew . . 171 j 

„ „ Cheshuntensis, Paul, Cheshunt var. . . 173 j 

,, coriacea, C. C, see Cephalotaxus drupacea . 166 

„ ,, Californica, C. C., see Lindley's American . 174 « 

„ „ Dovastoni, Loudon, Dovaston's Yew . . 173 \ 

,, elegantissima, Fisher, elegant silvery var. . 172 | 

„ ,, erecta, Loudon, erect growing var. . ' . 172 ] 



APPENDIX. 



219 



PAGE 

Taxus Communis erecta, Crowderi, C. C, see erecta . . . 172 

„ „ „ variegata, C. C, variegated erect var. 172 

„ epacrioides, Fisher, epacris-like var. • 172 

„ „ ericoides, C C, heath-like var. . . . 172 

„ fastigiata, Loudon, see Hibernica . . 173 

„ ,, argentea, CO., silvery-variegated var. 173 

„ „ „ aurea^ C. C, golden- variegated var. 173 

„ „ variegata, Carriere, see silvery var. 173 

„ „ foliis variegatis, C. C, see silvery var. com. Yew 172 

„ „ Foxii, Hort, see nana var. . . . 173 

,, fructa-lutea, Loudon, yellow-berried Yew . 172 

„ „ glauca, Carriere, dark glaucous var. . .172 

„ gracilis, C. C, slender-branched . . 172 

„ „ Hibernica, C. C, the Irish Yew . . 173 

„ „ „ aureo-virens, Senilis, gold and gm. spryd. 173 

„ „ „ variegata, C. C, see fastigiata argentea 173 

„. ,, horizontalis, C. C, see Devastoni . . 173 

„ „ Indica, Madden, see Wallichiana . . 174 

„ ,, Japonica, C. G., see cuspidatar . . 174 

„ „ Jacksonii, Paul, see weeping var. . . 173 

„ „ Mexicana, Hartweg, see Mexicana . . 174 

„ „ microphylla, CO., see ericoides . . 172 

„ ,, minor, Michaux, see Canadensis . .171 

„ ,, monstrosa, C. C, see sparsifolia . . 173 

„ „ nana, Knight, dwarf var. . . .173 

„ „ nigra, Paul, see glauca . . . 173 

„ 5, pendula, C.C., drooping-branched var. . 173 

„ 5, „ argentea, C. C, silvery -variegated 173 

„ ,, „ aurea, C. C, golden-variegated . 173 

,, recurvata, Carriere, see pendula var. . 173 

„ Sparsifolia, C, C, sparse or thinly foliaged var. 173 

„. „ Subglaucescens, Jacques, see glauca var. . 172 

„ ,, variegata, Loudon, see aurea var. . . 172 

„ „ „ alba, Carriere, see argentea var. . 172 

„ „ argentea, Loudon, see argentea var. 172 

„ „ aurea, Carriere, see aurea var. . 172 

„ „ vulgaris, Endlicher, see communis . . 171 

„ Dovastoni, C. C, see communis Dovastoni . . . 173 

„ Elegantissima, C. C, see communis argentea . . 172 

„ Elongata, Solander, see Podocarpus Capensis . . 158 

,y Erecta, C. C, see communis erecta var. . . 172 

„ Ericoides, C. C, see communis ericoides var. . . 172 

Expansa, C. C, see communis Dovastoni var. . . 173 

„ Falcata, Thunberg, see Podocarpus Capensis . . 158 

„ Fastigiata, Lindley, see communis Hibernica . . 173 

,, „ argentea. Knight, see communis Hib. argentea . 173 

„ „ aurea, CO., see communis Hib. aurea . 173 

Foxii, C. C, see communis nana var. . . . 173 

„ Frazerii, C. C, see communis variegata var. . . 172 

„ Fragilis, C. C, see communis pendula var. . .173 

„ Globosa, Schlech, see Mexicana . . . 174 



220 



APPENDIX. 



PAGE 

Tax US Harringtonia, Loudon, see Cephalotaxus pedunculata . .167 

„ Hibernica Hooker, see communis Hibemica . . 173 

„ Horizontalis. C. C, see communis Dovastoni . . 173 

„ Imperialis, C. C., see communis Dovastoni . . 173 

„ Inukaja, Knight, see Cephalotaxus pedunculata . , 167 

„ Japonica, Hooker, see Cephalotaxus drupacea . . 166 

„ Japonica, Loddige's, see Podocarpus Corean . . 157 

„ Lambertiana, Wallich, see Picea Pindrow . . 43 
„ Lancifolia, Wickstrsem, see Podocarpus Jamaicaensis coriacea 159 

„ Latifolia, Thunberg, see Podocarpus capensis , 158 

,, Lindleyana, Lawson, Lindley's American Yew . . 174 

„ Longifolia, C. C, see Cephalotaxus pedunculata . 167 

„ Macrophylla, Banks, see Podocarpus Chinensis . . 157 

Makoya, Hort., see Podocarpus Chinensis . . 157 

Marginata, C. C, see communis variegata var. . . 172 

„ Microphylla, 0. C, see commmunis ericoides . 172 

„ Mexicana, C. C, the Mexican Tew , . .174 

„ Mitchelli, C. C, see communis sparsifolia . . 172 

„ Monstrosa, C. C, see communis sparsifolia . . 172 

„ Montana, Nuttall, see Foetataxus montana . . 167 

„ Montana, Willdenow, see Podocarpus taxifolia . . 160 

„ Nucifera, Royle, see Wallichiana . . . 174 

,, Nucifera, Thunberg, see Foetataxus nucifera . . 168 

„ Patagonica, C. C, see Squamataxus Albertiana . 168 

Pendula, Loudon, see communis pendula r . . 173 
„ „ argentea, C. C, see communis pendula argentea 173 

„ ,, aurea, C. C, see communis pendula aurea . 173 

„ Procumbens, Loddige's, see Canadensis var. . , 171 

Prostrata, C. C, see communis pendula var. . . 173 

„ Pyramidalis, C. C, see communis erecta var. . . 172 

,, „ variegata, C. C, communis erecta variegata . 172 

„ . Eecurvata, C. C, see communis pendula var. . . 1 73 

5 , Serratifolia, Noisette, see Phyllocladus rhomboidalis . 162 

Sinensis, Knight, see Cephalotaxus pedunculata . 167 

,5 „ tardiva. Knight, see adpressa . . . 171 

Sparsifolia, Loudon, see communis sparsifolia . 173 

,y Spinulosa, Smith, see Podocarpus spinulosa . . 158 

„ Stricta, C. C, see communis erecta . . » 172 
Tardiva, Lawson, see adpressa .... 171 

Umbraculifera, C. C, see communis Dovastoni . 173 

„ Yariegata, C. C, the variable-leaved variegated . , 173 

Verticillata, Thunberg, see Sciadopitys . . 98 

„ Yirgata, Wallich, see Wallichiana . . . . 174 

„ Wallichiana, Zuccarini, the Indian Yew . .. 174 

THURIFER2E, Senilis, § 6. Cupressinese . . .. . .63 

Thalamia asplenifolia, Sprengel, see Phyllocladus rhomboidalis . . 162 

,3 Cupressina, Sprengel, see Dacrydium cupressina . . 140 

Thuisecarpus juniperinus, Tratvinik, see Juniperus oblonga . . 147 

Thuiopsis atrovirens, C. C, see Libocedrus dolabrata atrovirens . . 65 

Argentea, C. C, see Libocedrus dolabrata argentea . 65 

Borealis, Fischer, see Cupressus Nutkaensis . . 74 



APPENDIX- 221 

PAGE 

Thuiopsis Dolabrata, Siebold, see Libocedrus dolabrata ... 65 

,, „ argentea, C. C, see Libocedrus dolabrata . 65 

„ atrovirens, C. C, see Libocedrus dolabrata . 65 

„ „ aurea, C. C, see Libocedrus dolabrata . . 65 

„ glauca, CO., see Libocedrus dolabrata . 65 

„ gracilis, C. C, see Libocedrus dolabrata . 65 

„ „ nana, Siebold, see Libocedrus dolabrata . 65 

„ ,, Standishi, C. C, see Libocedrus dolabrata . 65 

„ „ variegata, Fortune, see Libocedrus dolabrata 65 

„ Glauca, C. C, see Libocedrus dolabrata glauca . . 65 

„ Laetevirens, Yeitch, see Libocedrus dolabrata . 65 

„ „ glauca, C. C, see Libocedrus dolabrata glauca . 65 

„ Standishi, Gordon, see Libocedrus dolabrata . . 65 

,, Tschugatskoyse, Carriere, see Cupressus Nutkaensis . 74 

Thuja, sub. § 3. § 6. Cupressinese ...... 66 

„ Linnaeus, the Arbor Vitae . . . . .66 

Acuta, Moench, see Biota Orientalis ... 64 

„ Andina, Posppig, see Libocedrus . . . .65 

„ Antarctica, C. C, dwarf Alpine form ... 67 

,, Aphylla, Burmann, see Actinostrobese, sub. ^3 . .58 

„ Argentea, C. C, see Biota Orientalis argentea . . 64 

„ Articulata, Wahlenberg, see Actinostrobese, sub. § S, .58 

„ Aurea, Waterer, see^Orientalis aurea ... 64 

„ Australis, Desfontaines, see Actinostrobese Australis . 58 

„ Australis, C. C, see Siberica ... 68 

Caucasica, C. C, see Occidentalis densa . . .68 

.,, Chiliensis, Don., see^Libocedrus Chiliensis . . 65 

„ Compacta, C. C, see Biota Orientalis compacta . . 64 

„ Compacta, Standish, see Occidentalis densa . . 68 

„ Cuneata, Dombey, see Libocedrus Chiliensis . . 65 

Cupressoides, Linnaeus, see Actinostrobeaf^, sub. ^ 3 . 58 

„ Craigiana, Jeffrey, see Gigantea . . . .67 

„ glauca, Lawson, see gigantea glauca . 67 

„ Dolobrata, Thunberg, see Libocedrus dolobrata . . 65 

„ Doniana, Hooker, see Libocedrus Doniana . . 65 

„ Dumosa, Gordon, see Antarctica . . . .67 

„ Ericoides, C. C, see retinospora ericoides . . 76 

„ Elegantissima, C. C , see Biota aurea var. . . .64 

„ Excelsa, Brongniart, see Cupressus Nutkaensis . 74 

„ Filiformis, Loddige's, see Biota pendula var. . , 64 

„ Flagelliformis, Hort., see plicata ... 68 

„ Freneloides, C. C, see Biota Orientalis gracilis . . 64 

„ Gigantea, Nuttall, the Great Western Arbor- Vitae . 67 

„ glauca, CO., glaucous var. ; . .67 

5, variegata, C. C„ variegated var. . . 67 

„ Gigantea, Hooker, see Menziesii . . . .67 

„ Glauca, Hort., see Biota Orientalis glauca . . 64 

„ Intermedia, C. C, see Biota Orientalis pendula . . 64 

„ Inaequalis, Desfontaines, see Actinostrobeae, sub. § 3. . 58 

„ Japonica, Siebold, see Biota Japonica . . .64 

„ Japonica, C. C, see Biota Orientalis compacta . 64 



222 



APPENDIX. 



Thuja Lineata, Poiret, see 


Cuprespinnata heterophylla 


PAGE 
62 


5) 


55 


lavandulsefolia, Poiret, see Cuprespinnata 


62 


J5 


Lobbii, C. C, see Menziesii . . . . 


62 


J1 


Lobbiana, C. C, see Menziesii 


67 


3J 


Menziesii, Douglas, Menzies' Arbor- Yitse 


67 


J5 


Minor, 


Paul, see nana ..... 


68 


n 


Monstrosa, C. C, see Biota Orientalis monstrosa 


64 


5> 


Nana, C. C, dwarf yar. 


68 


53 


Nana, C 


. C, see Biota Orientalis compacta 


64 


5J 


Nepalensis, C. C, see Biota Orientalis gracilis 


64 


5> 


Nuttalliana, Douglas, see gigantea 


57 


5> 


Obtusa, Moench, see Occidentalis 


68 


5 > 


Occidentalis, Linnaeus, the "Western Arbor Vitae 


68 


5> 


15 


argentea, Carriere, silvery variegated 


68 


3» 


»1 


asplenifolia, C. C, see plicata . 


68 


55 


55 


aurea. C. C, golden variegated 


68 


3> 


55 


compacta. Knight, see Antarctica 


67 




55 


densa, Gordon, dense-branched var. 


68 




55 


dumosa, C. C, see Antarctica 


67 


3> 


55 


monstrosa, C. C, rustic-branched var. 


68 


J » 


15 


nana, C. C, see Antarctica 


67 




55 


pendula, Gordon, pendent-branched 


68 


55 


•5 


„ variegata, C. C, variegated var. 


68 


55 


55 


plicata, C. C, plicata 


68 


»5 


15 


robusta, Carriere, see plicata 


68 


51 


1 5 


variegata, Loudon, see aurea var. 


68 


55 


55 


Yervaeneana, C. C, see aurea var. . . . 


68 


5 > 


5) 


Wareana, Knight, see Siberica 


68 


>) 


Odorata, Marsh, see Occidentalis . » . . 


68 


)5 


Orientalis, Linnaeus, see Biota Orientalis 


64 


5> 


55 


argentea, C. C,, see Biota, silvery-variegated var. 


64 


J? 


15 


aurea. C. C, see Biota, golden variegated var. 


64 


)? 


55 


,, nana, C. C, see Biota dwarf var. 


64 


55 


55 


compacta, C. C, see Biota compacta . 


64 


55 


55 


cupressoides, Ceselpinus, see Biota pyramidalis . 


64 


55 


55 


flagelliformis, Jacques, see Biota pendula 


64 


)5 


55 


glauca, Pince, see Biota glauca 


64 


55 


55 


gracilis. Carriere, see Biota gracilis 


64 


35 


55 


Sieboldii, Endlicher, see Biota Sieboldii 


64 


55 


55 


Tartarica, Lawson, see Thuja Siberica 


68 


15 


55 


variegata, Loudon, see Biota Orient, aurea 


64 


55 


Pendulata, Hort., see Biota pendula 


64 


)> 


Pendula, Lambert, see Biota pendula 


64 


55 


55 


variegata, C. C, see Biota pendula variegata . 


64 


55 


Pensilis, Staunton, see Cuprespinnata heterophylla . 


62 


55 


Plicata, 


C. C, plaited-like Arbor- Yitae 


68 


55 


55 


dumosa, C. C, see nana var. 


68 


^5 


55 


Llaveana, C. C, see nana var. 


68 


15 


55 


nana, C. C, dwarf mountain form 


68 


55 


55 


pygmaea, C. C, very dwarf var. 


68 




55 


variegata, C. C, variegated var. 


68 



APPENDIX. 223 

PAGE 

Thuja Pyramidalis, Tenore, see Siberica . . . . , 68 

„ Quadrangularis, Yentenot, see Actinostrobeae, s. § 3 . 58 

Siberica, Linnaeus, the Siberian Arbor- Yitag . . 68 

„ „ compacta, Knight, compact-formed var. . 68 

„ „ gracilis, C. C, slender- branched var. . . 68 
,, monstrosa, Knight, see Biota, rustic-branched var. 64 

„ „ nana, C. C, dwarf var. ... 68 

„ ,, pendula, C. C, drooping-branched var. . . 68 

„ ,, variegata, C. C, variegated var. . . 68 

„ „ Wareana, C. C, Ware's var. . . .68 

„ Sphceroidalis, Pdchard, see Chamaecyparis . . 69 

,. Sphceroidae, C. C, see Chamaecyparis . . .69 

5, nana, C. C, see Chamaecyparis var. . 69 

,, ,, variegata, C, C, see Chamaecyparis var . 69 

„ Stricta, C. C, see Biota compacta var. . 64 

„ Tartarica, Loddige's, see Siberica . . . .68 

„ Wareana, C, C, see Siberica, Ware's var. . 68 

„ Tetragona, Hooker, see Libocedrus tetragona . . 66 

„ Theophrasti, Bauhin, see Occidentalis ... 68 

„ Yariegata, Marsh, see Occidentalis aurea . . .68 

„ C. C, see Orientalis aurea . . 64 

„ ,, C. C, see Occidentalis variegata . . 68 

„ Yervaeneana, Yan-Geert, see Occidentalis variegata . 68 

„ Wareana, C. C, Siberica, Ware's var. . . .68 

Torreya grandis, Fortune, see Cephalotaxus grandis . . . 167 

„ Humboldi, Knight, see Podocarpus taxifolia . .160 

„ Montana, C. C, see Foetataxus montana . . 167 

„ My ristica, Hooker, see Foetataxus my ristica . .168 

„ Nucifera, Zuccarini, see Foetataxus nucifera . . 168 

,, Taxifolia, Amott, see Foetataxus montana . . .167 

Tsuga Brunoniana, Carriere, see Abies Brunoniana . . . 31 

„ Canadensis, Carriere, see Abies Canadensis . . 30 

„ ,, nana, Carriere, see Abies Canadensis nana . 32 

„ Douglasii, Carriere, see Abies Douglasii , . ,32 

„ Lindleyana, Roezl, see Abies Douglasii . . 32 

Sieboldii, Carriere, see Abies Canadensis Japonica . . 32 

Yeitchia Japonica, Lindley, see Abietineae, § 3 . . , . .46 

YERA : ^ 3. Abietineae ....... 46 

YER^ : 5 7. Cupressinese 68 

YERATAXUS: §4. Taxineae 168 

Washingtonia Americana, C. C, see Gigantabies Wellingtoniana . , 79 

Wellingtonia gigantea, Lindley, see Gigantabies Wellingtoniana . . 79 

Widdringtonia Commersonii, Endlicher, see ActinostrobeaB, ^ 3 . . 58 

„ Cupressoides, Endlicher, see Actinostrobeae, sub. J 3 .58 

„ Ericoides, Knight, see Actinostrobeae, sub. § 3 . 58 

„ Juniperoides, Endlicher, see Actinostrobeae, sub. ^3 .58 

„ Natalensis, Endlicher, see Actinostrobeae, sub. } 3 . 58 

„ Wallichii, Endlicher, see Actinostrobeae, sub. ^ 3 . .58 



THE END. 



FLETCHER AND SON, PRINTERS, NORWICH. 



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